History Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Vocabulary terms and definitions covering the rise of nationalism in Europe, key revolutions, and the unification of major nations as detailed in the lecture notes.

Nation-state

A state in which most of the citizens share a common identity and feel united as a nation.

La patrie

A concept introduced during the French Revolution referring to the fatherland.

Le citoyen

A concept introduced during the French Revolution referring to the citizen.

Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804)

A set of reforms that established equality before law, abolished privileges based on birth, and secured the right to property.

Congress of Vienna (1815)

A meeting hosted by Duke Metternich to restore the old order, restore monarchies, and undo changes introduced by Napoleon.

Conservatism

A political philosophy that supported traditional institutions like monarchy, the Church, social hierarchy, and property.

Liberalism

Derived from the Latin word 'liber' (free); for the middle class, it meant freedom for the individual and equality before law.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Zollverein

A customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia that abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies.

Louis Philippe

The constitutional monarch who replaced Bourbon king Charles X following the Revolution of 1830 in France.

Romanticism

A cultural movement that emphasized emotions, folk traditions, history, and national identity rather than wars and politics.

Johann Gottfried Herder

A thinker who argued that the true German spirit could be discovered among ordinary people through folk culture.

Treaty of Constantinople (1832)

The agreement that recognized Greece as an independent nation following its war of independence.

Frankfurt Parliament (1848)

An all-German National Assembly that met at St. Paul's Church to create a unified German nation under a constitutional monarchy.

Otto von Bismarck

The Chief Minister of Prussia who used a "Blood and Iron" policy to lead the unification of Germany.

William I

The King of Prussia who was proclaimed German Emperor at the Palace of Versailles on 18 January 1871.

Victor Emmanuel II

The King of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the ruler of a unified Italy in 1861.

Count Camillo de Cavour

The Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who used diplomacy and an alliance with France to defeat Austria.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A revolutionary who led the "Red Shirts" and captured Sicily and Naples during Italian unification.

Act of Union (1707)

The act that united England and Scotland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Balkans

A region of ethnic tension including modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and others, where the decline of the Ottoman Empire led to conflict.

Plebiscite

A direct vote by which people of a region decide.

Absolutist

A ruler with unrestricted power.

Utopian

An imagined society based on ideal conditions.