anatomy exam one simple this one

Anatomical position

Standing upright; feet flat; palms forward; eyes forward

Anatomical right/left

Person's right/left, NOT yours

Axial region

Head + neck + trunk

Appendicular region

Limbs/appendages

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Superior

Above/toward head

Inferior

Below/away from head

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Closer to attachment

Distal

Farther from attachment

Frontal/coronal plane

Front + back portions

Transverse plane

Upper + lower portions

Sagittal plane

Right + left portions

Midsagittal plane

Equal right + left

Parasagittal plane

Unequal right + left

Oblique plane

Angled cut

Dorsal cavity

Cranial + vertebral

Cranial cavity

Brain

Vertebral cavity

Spinal cord

Ventral cavity

Thoracic + abdominopelvic

Thoracic cavity

Chest

Pleural cavity

Lung

Pericardial cavity

Heart

Mediastinum

Central thorax

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal + pelvic

Pelvic cavity

Bladder + reproductive organs + rectum

Parietal serosa

Lines cavity WALL

Visceral serosa

Covers ORGAN

Serous fluid

Lubricates + reduces friction

Pleura

Lungs

Pericardium

Heart

Peritoneum

Abdominopelvic cavity

4 abdominal quadrants

RUQ + LUQ + RLQ + LLQ

9 regions — top

R hypochondriac + epigastric + L hypochondriac

9 regions — middle

R lumbar + umbilical + L lumbar

9 regions — bottom

R iliac + hypogastric + L iliac

Epigastric

Top middle

Umbilical

Center

Hypogastric

Bottom middle

3 main cell parts

Plasma membrane + cytoplasm + nucleus

Plasma membrane

Outer barrier; controls movement in/out

Plasma membrane extensions

Cilia + flagellum + microvilli

Cytoplasm

Between membrane + nucleus

Cytosol

Fluid inside cell

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Nucleoplasm

Fluid inside nucleus

Inclusions

Temporary stored materials; NOT organelles

Inclusion examples

Pigment + glycogen + triglycerides

Membrane-bound organelles

ER + Golgi + lysosomes + peroxisomes + mitochondria

Nonmembranous organelles

Ribosomes + cytoskeleton + centrosome/proteasomes

Mitochondria

Make ATP/energy

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Rough ER

Ribosomes; makes/transports proteins

Smooth ER

No ribosomes; lipid synthesis/storage

Golgi apparatus

Modifies + sorts + packages proteins

Lysosomes

Digestive enzymes

Lysosomes + autolysis

Provide enzymes for autolysis

Peroxisomes

Oxidation reactions

Nucleolus

Makes ribosome subunits

Centrioles

Help organize cell division

Cytoskeleton

Support + organization + movement

Microvilli

Increase surface area

Cilia

Move material across cell surface

Flagellum

Moves the cell

Plasma membrane — main jobs

Barrier + transport + gradient + communication

Passive transport

NO energy; high → low

Active transport

Requires energy

2 passive processes

Diffusion + osmosis

Diffusion

High → low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

High → low with protein help

Facilitated diffusion types

Channel + carrier

Osmosis

Passive movement of WATER

Primary active transport

Uses ATP

Vesicular transport

Active transport using vesicles

Endocytosis

INTO cell

Exocytosis

OUT of cell

Phagocytosis

Takes in large particles

Pinocytosis

Takes in fluid

Isotonic

Same concentration; no net water movement

Hypotonic

Water enters → cell swells

Hypertonic

Water leaves → cell shrinks

Lysis

Cell bursts

Crenation

Cell shrinks

Integral protein

Embedded in membrane

Peripheral protein

On one side of membrane

Tight junction

Seals cells together