Great Inventions Final

What makes an invention great?

• It’s impact on society is significant

• It's awarded a patent

• It's impact is good for a few people

It’s impact on society is significant

A great invention…

• Must only have a positive impact on society

• May have positive and negative impacts on society

May have positive and negative impacts on society

“The ability to make or otherwise bring into existence something new, whether a new solution to a problem, a new method or device, or a new artistic object or form” is a definition of which of the following?

• Invention

• Creativity

• Patent

• Innovation

Creativity

If you patent an invention…

• You can keep the details a secret for a specific period of time

• You must disclose the details of the invention

You must disclose the details of the invention

Which type of patent protects the way an article looks?

• Design patent

• Utility patent

Design patent

How long does a patent last?

• 10 years

• 50 years

• 14 to 20 years

• 25 year renewable terms

14 to 20 years

Microsoft Excel is a great invention because

• It can be used to calculate class grades

• Most people that use it have not been trained

• It is used by approximately 1 billion people

It is used by approximately 1 billion people

In class today, we used the following feature in Excel to replace quiz grades with the final exam grade

• IF statement

• For-Next loop

• Do-While loop

• Count statement

IF statement

Students must be physically present in class or in the SAEO testing center to complete online canvas quizzes in this course. Taking a quiz from anywhere else will be considered cheating and the student will be reported to the Office of Student Conduct and Academic Integrity. The correct answer is “True”

• True

• False

True

To receive credit for a quiz, a student must receive credit for attendance on the day of a quiz or sign the instructor’s attendance log immediately after the quiz (before the instructor leaves the classroom). Quiz grades for students that do not meet this requirement will be changed to zero. The correct answer is “True”

• True

• False

True

I must be present for the full class period to receive credit for attendance. The correct answer is “True”

• True

• False

True

When was modern HVAC invented?

• 1851

• 1902

• 1914

• 1947

1902

Who invented the modern HVAC?

• Benjamin Franklin

• John Gorrie

• Willis Carrier

• Stuart Cramer

Willis Carrier

Which of the following is the largest energy expense in the average U.S. Home?

• Cooling

• Heating

• Ventilation

• Dehumidification

• Filtration

Heating

What percentage of American Households used AC units by 2009

• 13%

• 40%

• 87%

• 99%

87%

What can an HVAC system provide (choose all that apply)?

• Thermal Comfort

• Clean Air

• High Energy Output

• Healthy Indoor Environment

• Good Air Circulation

Thermal Comfort

Clean Air

Healthy Indoor Environment

Good Air Circulation

Choose the heating sources for HVAC (choose all that apply)

• Furnace

• Boiler

• Fan

• Heat Pump

Furnace

Boiler

Heat Pump

Why are all-air systems the most popular HVAC systems (choose all that apply)?

• Air holds much higher heat per unit volume than water

• Uniform temperature distribution can be achieved

• Precision control of airflow and temperature is possible

• Air quality can be easily controlled

• Need much less space than that of water systems

Uniform temperature distribution can be achieved

Precision control of airflow and temperature is possible

Air quality can be easily controlled

What is psychometrics (choose all that apply)?

• Study of the properties of refrigerants

• Study of thermodynamic properties of moist air

• Study of air conditioning processes

• Study of environmental health

Study of thermodynamic properties of moist air

Study of air conditioning processes

According to the ASHRAE standard, the thermal comfort occurs when (choose all that apply)?

• Body temperature is held within narrow ranges

• skin moisture is low

• Relative humidity is low

• Physiological effort of regulation is minimized

• Airflow is low

Body temperature is held within narrow ranges

Skin moisture is low

Physiological effort of regulation is minimized

How does an HVAC system help remediate the spread of COVID-19 viruses (choose all that apply)?

• Filtration

• Ventilation

• Heating

• Cooling

• Combining with irradiation

Filtration

Ventilation

Combining with irradiation

A robot typically does the following three things. Choose the correct order

• compute, sense, act

• sense, act, compute

• sense, compute, act

sense, compute, act

Advantages current robots always have over humans include which one of the following

• Adaptability

• Sensors

• Cost

• None of the other answers (A, B, or C)

None of the Above

Which of the following are components of a typical robot?

• sensors

• actuators

• controller

• power source

• all of these choices (A, B, C, and D)

all of the above

Which of these countries has the most industrial robots installed per 10,000 employees

• Republic of Korea

• United States

• Germany

• China

Republic of Korea

The input to a controller is usually

• The desired value

• The measured value

• The ratio of the desired value to the measured values

• The difference between the desired and measured values

the difference between the desired and measured values

The two areas with the most new installations of robots in 2021 were

• Electronics and automotive

• Automotive and food production

• Food production and electronics

Electronics and automotive

According to one source we discussed in class, implementing robots saves approximately how much in costs?

• 5%

• 60%

• 20%

• 40%

20%

It is estimated that by 2025, robots will displace how many jobs currently held by humans?

• 130 million

• 85 million

• 325 million

• 10 million

85 million

Which of the following is always true?

• Robots have better sensors than humans

• Humans have better sensors than robots

• In some situations, humans have better sensors than current robots

• None of the other answers (A, B, C)

In some situations, humans have better sensors than current robots

One study estimated that the addition of 1 robot eliminates ____ human jobs, while another study estimated that _____ human jobs will be created by robotics than will be eliminated. Choose the combination of answers to fill in both blanks

• 6.1 and fewer

• 3.3 and fewer

• 2.2 and more

• 3.3 and more

• 0.9 and more

• 2.2 and fewer

• 6.1 and more

• 0.9 and fewer

3.3 and more

What is the leading cause of death of humans currently?

• Heart and vascular diseases

• Cancer and related causes

• Alzheimer’s disease and associated conditions

• Unintentional injury

• Diabetes Mellitus

Heart and vascular disease

What is the #1 reason for the need for an implantable medical device?

• It’s getting really trendy nowadays, thus FOMO

• Beneficial to bypass airport security when boarding a flight

• Complete loss or poor function of an irreplaceable organ

• Potential discounts in the health insurance policy

• Risks as minimal, so it just becomes an improvement of some bodily function just for the sake of it

Complete loss or poor function of an irreplaceable organ.

Coronary bypass grafting surgery with the patient’s saphenous vein (from the leg) is a classic example of:

• Transplantation

• Autografting

• Passive implant

• In vitro/ in Vivo synthesis of implants

• None of the above

Autografting

Implantation of a pacemaker is a classic example of:

• Transplantation

• Autografting

• Passive implant

• In vitro/ in vivo synthesis of implants

• None of the above

Passive implant

The agency that regulates medical devices in the United States is the:

• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

• US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

• US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

• US Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Which medical device class is a syringe (with hypodermic needle)?

• Class I: Low risk

• Class II: Medium risk

• Class III: High risk

• Class IV: Extremely high risk

• Not a medical device

Class II: Medium risk

Which medical device class is a regular over-the-counter band-aid for cuts?

• Class I: Low risk

• Class II: Medium risk

• Class III: High risk

• Class IV: Extremely high risk

• Not a medical device

Class I: Low risk

Which medical device class is an Apple watch app to count “steps taken and stairways climbed”?

• Class I: Low risk

• Class II: Medium risk

• Class III: High risk

• Class IV: Extremely high risk

• Not a medical device

Not a medical device

Which medical device class is a total artificial heart?

• Class I: Low risk

• Class II: Medium risk

• Class III: High risk

• Class IV: Extremely high risk

• Not a medical device

Class III: High risk

How much time does an implantable medical device take to develop?

• 3 to 7 days

• 3 to 7 weeks

• 3 to 7 months

• 3 to 7 years

• 3 to 7 decades

3 to 7 years

Which of the following nuclear reactors utilizes two-phase fluid to remove the heat generated by nuclear energy?

• PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor)

• BWR (Boiling Water Reactor)

• SFR (Sodium Fast Reactor)

• MSR (Molten Salt Reactor)

BWR (Boiling Water Reactor)

Which is the “fissile” material?

• Uranium - 235

• Thorium - 232

• Uranium - 238

• Oxygen - 16

Uranium-235

Which following country has the highest uranium resources?

• USA

• Australia

• Canada

• India

Australia

Which statement is correct?

• Nuclear energy provides high carbon emission

• The capacity factors for energy supply in nuclear is above 90%

• Nuclear has low capital investment cost

• Nuclear energy is only reliable during night time

The capacity factors for energy supply in nuclear is above 90%

What is the U-235 enrichment in terms of weight percentage (wt.%) for pressurized water reactors (PWR)?

• <1%

• 3-5%

• 15-20%

• 8-25%

3-5%

Chernobyl accident happened due to a combination of

• bad design

• operators’ lack of experience

• lack of safety awareness

• all of the above

all of the above

Which statement is true?

• Virginia has three nuclear power plants providing over 50% of electricity for the state

• Electricity production from natural gas in Virginia Commonwealth is less superior than that from nuclear energy.

• About 34% of electricity in Virginia comes from uranium fuel

• About 10% of electricity in the U.S. comes from uranium fuel

About 34% of electricity in Virginia comes from uranium fuel

Which of the following nuclear reactors are considered as fast reactors?

• LWR (Light Water Reactor)

• SFR (Sodium Fast Reactor)

• MSR (Molten Salt Reactor)

• HTGR (High-Temperature Gas-Reactor)

SFR (Sodium Fast Reactor)

Which materials can be used for breeding?

• uranium - 238

• uranium - 235

• plutonium - 239

• oxygen -16

uranium - 238

When a neutron is being captured by the fissile nucleus, under the nuclear fission _______ neutrons are being produced along with two fission fragments.

• 0.5 to 1

• 1 to 2

• 2 to 3

• 4 to 5

2 to 3

What is a solid to solid phase transformation?

• Ice melting

• Water evaporating

• Steel changing from martensite to austenite

• Mixing sand and leaves together

Steel changing from martensite to austenite

One application of shape memory alloy is

• Producing ultrasound

• Vibrating a cantilever at high frequency

• It has no known applications

• As a material to make stents for medical applications

As a material to make stents for medical applications

The following is an example of shape memory alloy

• Nickel Titanium

• Barium titanate

• iron

• Lead zirconate titanate

Nickel Titanium

The following is an example of a piezoelectric

• Nickel Titanium

• Barium titanate

• iron

• Lead zirconate titanate

Lead zirconate titanate

Applying an electric field to produce movement is an example of a(an)

• Actuator

• Sensor

• Neither

• Both

Actuator

Measuring the voltage produced to estimate the displacement / deformation a piezoelectric was subjected to is an example of a (an)

• Actuator

• Sensor

• Neither

• Both

Sensor

As stress increases, the temperature at which martensite starts transforming to austenite (in the context of Shape Memory Alloys)

• Increases

• Decreases

• Remains the same

• None of the above

Increases

At constant temperature (when the shape memory alloy is in the austenite phase) adding sufficient stress to the material:

• Will do nothing except cause it to yield / fracture / break

• Cause transformation from austenite back to martensite

• Neither of the above

• To do something else

Cause transformation from austenite back to martensite

Applying a small positive voltage and then a negative voltage to a piezoelectric

• Always causes tensile and compressive strain

• Causes tensile strain only

• Causes tensile and compressive strain ONLY if the piezoelectric is POLLED

• Causes compressive strain only

Causes tensile and compressive strain ONLY if the piezoelectric is POLLED

TMS induces current in the neurons by

• Undergo a deformation when a magnetic field is applied

• Melt when a magnetic field is applied

• Produce an electric field when a magnetic field is applied

• None of the above

Undergo a deformation when a magnetic field is applied

How is power or electricity generated?

• Spinning of electric generators attached to turbines or solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity

• Directly from the sun

• Solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity

Spinning of electric generators attached to turbines or solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity

What are the two ways that solar power can work?

• Direct energy conversion and spinning a turbine with wind

• Superheating water into steam by concentrating mirrors on one spot and photovoltaic cells

• Burning coal

• Hydrofracking

Superheating water into steam from concentrating mirrors on one spot and photovoltaic cells

Which of these power generation technologies uses turbines spinning due to air flow to create electricity?

• Hydroelectric Power

• Nuclear Power

• Fusion Power

• Wind Power

Wind Power

For geothermal to work, what needs to be done to the ground underneath it?

• Regular and large amounts of rain

• Hydraulic fracturing of the ground to create pockets for injected fluid to heat up from the earth’s crust

• Splitting of atoms in the ground

• Creation of plasma in the ground

Hydraulic fracturing of the ground to create pockets for injected fluid to heat up from the earth’s crust

What does coal, natural gas, and combined cycle power plants all have in common?

• Each power source has to be located near a major city

• Each power source has to be co-located with a water desalination

• Each power source involves the creation of electricity through direct energy conversion

• Each power source has massively negative impacts on the environment, air quality, human health and are “unsecure” energy resources

Each power source has massively negative impacts on the environment, air quality, human health and are “unsecure” energy resources

Which of these is not real?

• Wind Power

• Nuclear Power

• “Secure” Coal and “Natural” Gas

• Hydro Power

“Secure” Coal and “Natural” Gas

Which of the following two power sources do not have large scale deployment or no active power plant yet?

• Wind and Solar

• Nuclear and Wind

• Fusion and Geothermal

• Geothermal and Nuclear

Fusion and Geothermal

Why has hydroelectric power not grown in power produced over the last 20 years?

• High impact to environment such as land use and flooding of existing ecosystems and significant initial capital costs to build new dams

• There is no more rivers to dam up

• There is no need for more electricity

• We don’t know how to build hydro dams anymore

High impact to the environment due to land use and ecosystem flooding, coupled with significant initial capital costs required to build new dams.

Which state has it’s own grid?

• Virginia

• New York

• Texas

• California

Texas

What organization regulates the electric grid of the entire United States?

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Virginia Department of Silly walks

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

Which of these cities is where a fusion pilot plant is supposed to be built in the next decade?

• Cleveland, Ohio

• Kansas City, Missouri

• College Station, Texas

• Chesterfield, Virginia

Chesterfield, Virginia

What percentage of children in the US have been diagnosed with asthma?

• 5%

• 10%

• 20%

• 40%

10%

Respiratory diseases fall within the top 3 conditions that are responsible for the most years of lost life

• True

• False

True

In treating respiratory diseases, medical aerosols are intended to significantly increase the drug concentration in the lungs

• True

• False

True

In treating respiratory diseases, medical aerosols are intended to significantly reduce the drug concentration in the rest of the body

• True

• False

True

With current commercially available inhalers, most of the drug is usually lost in the:

• Mouth and throat region

• Atmosphere

• It all goes to the lungs

Mouth and throat region

With depth into the lungs, surface area of the respiratory tract:

• Increases

• Decreases

• Remains the same

Increases

Large inhaled particles ~10 micrometers and above:

• Are lost in the mouth-throat and upper airways

• Travel deep within the lungs to the alveoli

Are lost in the mouth-throat and upper airways

Parts of a metered dose inhaler (MDI) include: Formulation; Canister; Metering valve; Actuator

• True

• False

True

Parts of a dry powder inhaler (DPI) include: Dose metering element, Mechanism for deaggregating the powder, and Flow pathway

• True

• False

True

In carrier-based DPI formulations, the carrier particles are larger and the drug particles are smaller

• True

• False

True

Spray drying provides a way to control a particles morphology and surface composition

• True

• False

True

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have dramatically decreased deaths due to asthma

• True

• False

True

Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) have dramatically decreased the need for oral steroids and the associated aide effects

• True

• False

True

A new inhaled medication that may be available to patients one day is inhaled lung surfactant

• True

• False

True

Additional new inhaled medications that may be available to patients one day include inhaled antibiotics, antivirals, lung cancer therapies, and vaccines

• True

• False

True

Which in the following list is considered as the flights for lighter than air?

• Sky lanterns

• Kites

• Bamboo-copters

• Tower Jumping

Sky Lanterns

The “Golden Age” of airships ended in 1937 because

• It was replaced by airplanes with wings

• Difficult to fly for long distance

• Health concerns of passengers

• Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people

Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people

Otto Lilienthal is referred as the “father of aviation” because

• His work led to the development of the modern wing

• He establishes the first airplane company in the world

• His contribution in modern aerodynamics

• all of the above

His work led to the development of the modern wing

Who was the engineer first providing the concept of modern airplane as a fixed wing flying machine with separate system for lift, propulsion, and control?

• Otto Lilienthal

• Sir George Cayley

• John Stringfellow

• Chuck Yeager

Sir George Cayley

Who is the first to make successful flight in 1903

• Wright brothers

• Samuel Langley

• John Stringfellow

• William S. Hensen

Wright Brothers

Who patented the concept of a turbojet engine?

• Frank Whittle

• Hans-Joachim Pabst von Ohain

• Both

• Either

Both

Which cycle in Thermodynamics is considered as the working principle of a basic turbojet engine?

• Carnot Cycle

• Otto Cycle

• Brayton Cycle

• Diesel Cycle

Brayton Cycle

Which primary components are included in a turbojet engine?

• Compressor

• Combustor

• Turbine

• Air inlet and exhaust nozzle

• All of the above

All of the above

What is primary function to enclose a turbojet engine in a large duct (with inlet fan) on a turbojet engine (i.e. turbofan jet engine)

• To streamline the flow around the jet engine

• To protect the jet engine

• To improve the thrust at low flight speed

• To decorate the jet engine

To improve the trust at low flight speed

The 21st century goals of aviation are on its sustainability. In the context of aviation is based on the following interrelated concepts:

• The impact of aviation on the environment (i.e. climate, air quality, and noise)

• The renewability of the energy sources

• The societal factors (e.g. economics) that increase our need for air transportation

• All of the above

All of the above

The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called ____.

• Combustion

• Consumption

• Power

• Torque

Combustion

The coolant flow through the radiator is controlled by the _____

• Size of the passage in the block

• Thermostat

• Cooling Fan(s)

• Water Pump

Thermostat

Torque is expressed in units of _____.

• pound-feet

• foot-pound

• foot-pounds per minute

• pounds-feet per second

pound-feet