Biology Unit 2.2 (cell division & stem cells)
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41 Terms
what are the 2 types of cell divison?
Mitosis
Meiosis
what is mitosis used for
Growth
Repair
Development
Asexual reproduction(bacteria mostly)
What is the process called when a cell reproduces itself by diving to form two identical off spring
Mitosis
what are gametes
Sex cells i.e sperm and egg
what are the key characteristics of a gamete
they have only have 1 copy of each chromosome, so they have half the amount compared to other cells
what process produces four diffrent cells(diffrent to each other and the parent cell)
Meiosis
how many cell divison are involved to make a gamete
2
what are chromosomes
Strands of DNA wrapped around protien
where are chromosomes found
The nuclei of cells
how many chromosomes do gametes have
23
how many chromosomes do normal cells have
46 or 23 pairs
how are chromosomes numbered
According to size 1(biggest) 2 (smallest)
what is assigned to chromosome 23
Letters
what chromosome letter configuration shows a male
“XY”
what chromosome letter configuration shows a female
“XX”
what is a gene
A part of the DNA that contains the information to make a protein
what dose loci tell us
The location of a gene
what dose Allele mean
Diffrent versions of the same gene
given an example of an allele
The eye colour gene
With an allele of blue green brown
what dose diplod mean
When chromosomes are present in pairs
how many pairs of chromosome are in a human
23
what dose halpoid mean
Only 1 copy of each chromosome is present
what is an example of a haploid cell
A game so in human sperm or egg cells, which have 23 individual chromosomes
where are plant stem cells found
Meristem on the root and shoot tips-where most growth takes place
what controls the rate of cell divison(mitosis)
Enzymes
what happens when mitosis takes place to quickly
The cells form a lump in that area (tumor)
what do we call a tumor if it causes a problem
Cancer
what are the 2 sources of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
embryonic stem cells
Derived from donated embryos from IVF treatment
advantages of embryonic stem cells
They can diffrentaite into any type of cell needed
disadvantages of embryonic stem cells
They are obtained from an embyo that will be destroyed because of it, some poeple belive this is wrong because the embryo has the potential to grow into a human/person
adult stem cells
Found in certain parts of a grown person
advantages of adult stem cells
No need to destroy an embyo
If the stem cells are from the patient there is (a) no need to look for a donor (b) less chance of regection because the tissue is a 100% match
disadvantages of adult stem cells
Hard to find because they are not everywhere in the body
Can only diffrentiate into a few types of cells
what is stem cell therapy
Stem cells are incubated and multiplied by mitosis so more are produced
Stem cells are then differentiated into the type of cell we need
The cells are multiplied more by mitosis
These cells are implanted into a patient to replace lost or damaged cells
what is a zygote
The first diploid cell produced after fertilisation
what happens during meiosis
Haploid gametes are produced
what happens after a zygote is produced
The zygote divides by mitosis to produces lots of cells
what are the first few cells after a zygote divides called
Stem cells
stem cells are undifferentiated cells so they have the ability to do what
Differentiate and form specialised cells
examples of cells stem cells can diffrentaite into
Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Muscle cells
Neuron(nerve cell)