APUSH UNIT ONE

hunters and gatherers

A large portion of the Native Americans were ________________________________________________, societies whose members gather food by hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plants rather than relying on agriculture or animal husbandry.

mobile

Hunter-gatherers were mostly ______________ societies, moving with the seasons and food.

semi sedentary-societies

Between the highly-civilized and hunter-gatherers, the majority were _______________________________________ whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing (semi-permenant societies)

sedentary societies

Between the highly-civilized and hunter-gatherers, there are the majority, which were ___________________________________, societies whose members combine slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting and fishing. (mostly permanent societies)

agriculture

Sedentary societies often resided in villages where ___________________________ was the main staple to hunting, fishing, and gathering in different locations in the winter.

100-mile land bridge across the Bering Strait

Archaeologists believe migrants crossed the __________________________________________________________________________________ between 13,000 and 3,000 B.C.E.

Corn (Maize)

Around 6000 B.C.E., Mexico began to cultivate which crop that later on turned into a cash crop?

Potatoes

Around 6000 B.C.E., Peru began to cultivate which crop that later on turned into a cash crop for them?

It was slightly nutritious, it required minimal care, and they were quick to grow with multiple harvests in a year.

Why was the potato such a good crop for the Incas to cultivate?

1.) Incas

2.) Aztecs

The ________________ and the _________________ were the most dominant empires in Central and South America at the time of European discovery.

The Aztecs

Commanded the fertile valleys of central Mexico, with the capital, Tenochtitlan, being far more populated than any European city in 1500.

large-scale agriculture with trading and conquest

The Aztecs utilized _______________________________________________________________________________ to establish themselves as the dominant empire of Mexico.

Tenochtitlan

_______________________ was a network of canals on Lake Texcoco enclosed by fortifications and the central temple (Temple Mayor) and government complex numbering perhaps 250,000 inhabitants when Hernan Cortes arrived in 1519.

central temple

The _____________________________ was the place where the priests and rulers made human sacrifices to ensure life on Earth continued. Some estimates suggest figures of 250,000 sacrifices per year to a more plausible 20,000 per year, while the most skulls ever encountered in one location in 603.

They believed that their gods sacrificed themselves to create the world, so they should have to make sacrifices to appease them and keep the world going.

Why did the Aztecs make so many human sacrifices?

Incas

The _____________________ ruled from Cuzco, a city of 60,000 almost two miles in the Andes mountains in present day Peru.

a network of roads

The Incas built ____________________________________ along the entire Andes Mountains of the Pacific coast of western South America.

Kings

What was the government of the Inca empire?

quipu

The use of the ______________, knotted string, allowed for book keeping.

terrace farming

In the Incan empire, _____________________________________ caused steady growth and an expanding trading network across South America.

Maize (corn)

___________________________ spread to the Mississippi River Valley and the U.S. Southeast around 800 C.E. which caused three areas to advance.

Adena and Hopewell

The _____________________________________________ people were the first large civilizations to flourish because of maize in the Eastern U.S., their mounds being the lasting physical presence.

Cahokia

What city was the center of Mississippian culture?

Mississippi culture

Around 1,000 C.E., Cahokia emerged as the dominant center of the _________________________________________________, a Native American culture complex that flourished in the Mississippi River basin and Southeast from around 850 - 1700 C.E.

mound building

The primary markers of Mississippian culture was __________________________________________________________ (inherited from the Adena and Hopewell), maize farming, and distinctive pottery style (shell-tempered clay).

burial or ceremonial

The mounds were mostly _________________________________ as they were ruled by chiefs and priests that worshipped the sun.

Due to warefare and environmental changes, mainly flooding.

What is a possible reason why Cahokia was abandoned?

southeast

Mississippi culture continued throughout the ______________________ until European settlement.

Eastern Woodlands

The _____________________________________________, a culture of Native Americans that extended from the Atlantic West to the Great Plains, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, subdivided between northeastern and southeastern woodlands.

The people of lived in the Northeastern woodlands were generally semi-sedentary and were an agricultural based society based off of maize, beans, and squash.

What were people in the Northeastern woodlands mainly focused on?

Chiefdoms

What type of political system did people in the Northeastern woodlands generally have?

They were often hunters more than farmers and were more diverse than the Eastern Woodlands.

What were people in the southeastern woodlands mainly focused on?

Algonquian cultures/languages

The _________________________________________________ are a Native American family whose speakers were widespread in the eastern woodlands, Great Lakes, and subarctic regions of eastern North America, they were a specific tribe located in the upper Great Lakes region.

Iroquoian culture/language

The ______________________________________________ is a Native American language family whose speakers were concentrated in the eastern woodlands, not to be confused with the Iroquois Confederacy that occupied upstate New York. All of the power was held by the women in these societies.

They were an agricultural based society due to the fact that they would build long houses that were permanent homes for them.

What was Iroquoian culture mainly centered around?

Women

Who held most of the power in Iroquoian society?

It was the Iroquoian people, not the Iroquoian confederacy, and they were given a chance to reorganize their societies after European diseases destroyed them.

Who were the first group of people to be affected by European diseases and how did they make light out of their situation?

longhouses

The Iroquoian people lived in ____________________________________ that were surrounded by maize, beans, and squash, and they regularly set fires to the forests around them to clear underbrush and open fields.

The Native American population depleted immensely.

What was the effect of Europeans bringing diseases to the Americas that they were immune to, but the Native Americans were not?

1.) chiefdoms

2.) paramount chiefdoms

Most Eastern Woodland tribes had _________________________, where one person had authority, others were _______________________________________________________, where several bands came together under a single chief.

Iroquois Confederacy

The _______________________________________________________ was a league of five Native American tribes - the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and Seneca, probably formed around 1450 , with the Tuscaronas joining in 1720.

Hiawatha

The five nations of the Iroquois confederacy fought for years until a Mohawk man named _________________________________________ who learned a condolence dance centered around peace.

He brought the rituals to the other tribes and these formed the basis of the Five Nations to form the Haudonosaunee (people of the Longhouse)

They had a council of Sachems (representatives) that made all of the decisions for the tribe.

What was the political system like in the Iroquois Confederacy?

The power in the five nations was matrilineal, it was passed down through the female line, but the men served as sachems.

How was power passed down in the Iroquois confederacy?

the Great Lakes

Algonquin language tribes like the Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi occupied ______________________________________________, the five huge freshwater lakes that served as the nation's transportation system early in history, and the Anishaabeg, but tribal differences undercut the unity.

birchbark boats

The people of the Great Lakes used ______________________________ to travel throughout the entire region and beyond.

the Great Plains

A broader plateau region that stretched from the central Texas to the Canadian Plains in the north, bordered by the Mississippi River in the east and the Rocky Mountains in the west which receive little rainfall making it ideal for grazing, but not agriculture called __________________________________________ was occupied by many Native people.

It allowed Native American people to become more mobile meaning that they could travel faster and hunt bison more efficiently.

How did the introduction of the horse effect Native American societies?

they were more powerful than other tribes.

Usually, if a tribe had adapted horses then....

Sioux

A collection of seven tribes from Minnesota used horses to move west and establish themselves as a power on the northern Great Plains; they were called the ....

1.) Rocky Mountains

2.) Great Basin

The Crow Indians used horses to do the same on the eastern slope of the _____________________________________________, a high mountain range that spans some 3,000 miles from Mexico to Canada, bound by the Great Plains on the east and the ______________________________, an arid basin-and-range west of the Rockies where rain evaporates and drains quickly.

to where foods were in season because they were a society based around agriculture.

Most Native Americans were hunters and gathers meaning that they traveled....

maize

The Anasazi developed large-scale agriculture in the arid Southwest, as they became the first to grow ___________________ north of Mexico.

Pueblo

The Anasazi, along with the Hohokams and the Mongolians, made up the ____________________ people.

Irrigation Systems

The Pueblo people utilized ______________________________ to farm and build homes out of adobe and would build them into the sides of mountains and cliffs.

droughts

Around 1150, it appears that ______________________ caused the Pueblo people to move out of their large settlements into smaller ones.

strong warrior cultures and fishing technologies and sophisticated boats.

Because small tribes were often located in the same area, they developed .....

- Their boats that were dugouts made from hollowing out enormous cedar trees, up to 60 feet in length.

- They used longhouses like the Iroquois and were famous for erecting totem poles.

Small tribes were notorious for technological advancements and the arts like...

many spiritual forces that occupied nature and living things. They interpreted visions, dreams, and phenomena in order to divine what the spirits were telling them.

Native American religions were polytheistic and animist, they believed in ......

To get in touch with the spiritual world.

What was the main focus of Native American religions?

the earth and fertility

For women in Native American societies, spiritual power was tied to ______________________________________________________________, so all ceremonies were tied to food and reproduction.

war and hunting

For men in Native American societies, religion was tied to _____________________________________________, rituals were performed as thanks for the animals killed and war rituals and success was not tied to domination by displays of power.

Plague and in the Renaissance.

When Columbus landed in Hispaniola in 1492, Europe was coming off of the ...

Europe was ruled by kings with varying ranges of power and nobility who controlled most of the land, and therefore the food supply. The kings shared power with the nobility, who were sometimes invested with power through a legislative body, and the Catholic Church.

What was Europes political system like before Columbus landed in the New World?

It was patriarchal, meaning that it was exclusively for men and was passed down through male lines.

How were power, possessions, and rights passed down in European society?

peasants

Most Europeans were ______________________, the traditional term for farmworkers in Europe, some of whom owned land, while most rented or worked for nobles.

These feudal estates saw the small group of nobles own most of the arable land, which they rented out for a share of the crop. They offered physical protection in return for military service when called.

Why did many people live on feudal estates in Europe?

Constant labor was required, plowing and planting in the spring, maintaining crops, and cutting hay in the summer, harvest in the fall, and indoor work in the winter.

How was life in feudal societies as a peasant in Europe during this time?

Mediterranean trade

The Middle Eastern Arabs dominated ___________________________________________________, but traders from Genoa, Florence, Venice, and Pisa began to push their way in.

Asian luxuries

By the 14th century, Europe was enjoying ___________________________________ and powerful banking houses were established in the Italian city-states.

republics

These city-states were ____________________________, a state without a monarch or a prince that is governed by representatives of the people.

the wealthiest families in Europe

Republics, led by ______________________________________________________, were able to spark the Renaissance after the Black death.

a cultural explosion

The Renaissance caused _________________________________________ that engulfed Europe from 1350 - 1500.

the merchant class more power and influence to the detriment of the nobility.

Trade networks continued to expand, bringing ......

exclusively polytheist and animists.

Before the Jewish faith came to Europe, Europeans were...

Christianity

A religion that holds the belief that Jesus Christ was himself divine, emerged from the Middle East in the first century.

Emperor Constantine who later on made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.

The religion of Christianity benefited enormously from the conversion of...

The Roman Catholic Church

The conversion of Emperor Constantine would later on lead to the creation of ___________________________________.

The Pope in Rome who had total authority over the Church and served for life.

Who was in charge of the Roman Catholic Church?

To convert many animists of Europe, the Church adopted a calendar of celebrations that coincided with many pagan religions, even adopting their rituals as Christian ones.

How did the Christian Church manage to convert so many animists?

Islam

A religion that considers Muhammad to be God's last prophet, was founded in the seventh century and rapidly spread through the Middle East, northern Africa, the Balkans, and the Iberian peninsula by the end of the ninth century.

Crusades

Between 1096 and 1209, Europeans launched the ________________________________________, a series of wars undertaken by Christian armies to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands, culminating with the retaking of Jerusalem and the establishment of a Christian state in 1099.

Protestant Reformation

In 1517, Martin Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses to the doors of the church in Wittenberg, launching the ___________________________________________________, the reform movement that began in 1517 that precipitated an enduring schism that divided the Protestants from the Catholics.

Luther's main complaints were against the primacy of the pope, the selling of indulgences, and the Bible being the most important source of religious instruction, not the Church, leading to the Bible being translated in a language other than Latin and being distributed for the first time, establishing Lutheranism.

What were Martin Luther's main complaints against the Catholic Church

The Bible was translated by Martin Luther for the first time, Lutherans believed in what Martin Luther preached, but their religion is very similar to the Catholic Church.

What lead to Lutherism being established?

Calvinism

John Calvin drew inspiration from Luther and led a similar movement in Switzerland, preaching predestination and an all-powerful God, leading to...

the Thirty Years War

This situation eventually led to the bloodiest conflict the world ever saw up to that point, __________________________________________________________ from 1618 to 1648, where 20% of Europe was killed due to fighting, but mostly disease and famine were the causes of death of these people.

vastness and environment.

Civilization was ancient in Africa, but isolated due to the.....

The Sudan Empires

Were the earliest power in West Africa as they domesticated cattle, raised crops, and worked metal, and were uniquely monotheistic before any of the major religions existed.

The Ghana Empire

Rose around 800 C.E. to dominate West Africa through the domestication of camels which enabled trade on a larger scale than seen before.

huge gold deposits

Access to _____________________________________________ allowed the Mali kingdom to become the dominant power in the thirteenth century, with the ninth ruler being Mansa Musa, who is thought to be the world's richest person ever.

The Songhai Empire

The powers in the area when the Portuguese started establishing trading posts in West Africa in the fifteenth century.

gold

West Africa has so much _________________________ that one-half to one-third of all the gold in Europe by the 1400's was from the mines there.

chiefdoms

The empires of West Africa were ________________________ more often than not, with some becoming rulers in the European sense when they had access to resources, especially gold.

trans-Saharan trade

The Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empires dominated the ____________________________________________________, leading to their power, starting from Muslim conquests which saw the introduction of roads and caravansaries.

stimulating trade in those once isolated areas.

In the mid fourteenth century, the Portuguese came and established trading posts on the west coast of Africa, this.....

gold, salt, and slaves,

The Portuguese started heavily trading _________________________________________________________________ reorienting trade away from the Middle East and east Africa.

polytheistic and animists.

Prior to the arrival of Islam in North and West Africa, the people were mostly ......

deity who could communicate with the spirit world.

The Sudanic Empires linked their religion with the government, turning the king into a .....

Secret societies

Flourished in West Africa which were religious in nature, celebrating male virility and female fertility.