cj criminology and victimization

Who is more likely to be victimized?

Teenage African Americans, male or female, lower-income individuals.

Are victims ever to blame for crimes committed against them?

Sometimes, because some people engage in behaviors that increase their risk of victimization.

Can victims provoke offenders?

Yes, some victims provoke another person to commit a crime.

Do some victims refuse to help with investigations?

Yes, some victims are unwilling to assist with investigations.

Where is fear of crime the highest?

Urban areas.

What is an urban area?

A city.

What is a suburban area?

An area outside of a city.

What is a rural area?

Countryside areas.

True or False: About 60% of Americans are afraid to walk in their neighborhood at night.

True.

What is labeling theory?

The idea that people begin to act according to the negative labels others give them.

Are most criminological theories geared toward men, women, or both?

Males.

Do men and women engage in criminal activity differently?

Yes.

Do women who engage in crime disproportionately come from rich or poor families?

True — they disproportionately come from poor families (similar to men).

What kinds of costs does crime have?

Economic and psychological/emotional costs, including costs of running the criminal justice system.

Who was Cesare Lombroso?

A criminologist who argued that some people are born with criminogenic traits that predispose them to crime.

True or False: Race is a key factor in exposure to crime.

True.

What is the lifestyle exposure model?

A model explaining unequal victimization based on where people live and how they spend leisure time.

Does TV influence people’s fear of victimization?

Yes, television increases fear of victimization.

True or False: Marxism is an example of a social conflict theory.

True.

True or False: As women’s status changes, they may commit more crimes.

True.

Can crime victims file lawsuits against offenders?

Yes.

Does a reduction in crime rates reduce fear of crime?

No.

What is classical criminology?

A school of thought arguing crime stems from free will, requiring accountability and deterrent punishment.

What is repetitive victimization?

Experiencing more than one crime in a short period of time.

Do theories usually focus on both the poor and wealthy?

False.

Is the number of women being arrested increasing or decreasing?

Increasing.

Where is fear of crime the least?

Suburban areas.

Which theory is most linked to exposure to crime: control, learning, or conflict theory?

Learning theory.

Which explanation focuses on mental condition, personality disturbance, or limited intellect?

Psychological explanation.

What does “criminogenic” mean?

Factors thought to cause or contribute to criminal behavior.

Which criminologist studies the body and mind of offenders using scientific methods?

Positivist criminologists.

What is a criminal case?

A case initiated by the government for violations of criminal law.

What is a civil case?

A lawsuit between two private parties.

What is a tort?

A civil wrongdoing that causes harm.

What is a motion?

A request for the court to take a specific action.

Do women commit more or fewer crimes than men?

Fewer.

Which socioeconomic class do most female criminals come from?

Lower class.

What are the three social process theories?

Learning, control, and labeling theories.

Where is fear of crime greatest and least?

Greatest in urban areas; least in suburban areas.

According to the lifestyle exposure model, who is most likely to be victimized due to where they live and how they spend leisure time?

Young people.

Who is most likely to be a victim of violent crime?

African American males ages 16–19.

What crimes are women most often arrested for?

Prostitution and larceny/theft.

Which food is linked to reduced hostility in young people?

Salmon.

What crime do Americans fear the most?

Identity theft.

What is routine activity theory?

Crime occurs when a motivated offender meets a suitable victim without a capable guardian.

What are the three parts of Freud’s personality theory?

Id, Ego, Superego.