Anthropology
scholarly field of inquiry that studies humans as group members
cultural anthropology
study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups
includes enculturation
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Anthropology
scholarly field of inquiry that studies humans as group members
cultural anthropology
study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups
includes enculturation
archaeology
this subset of anthropology focuses on the material past left behind by people
techniques include excavation
Biological anthropology
the study of human origins, evolutions. and variation
studies nonhuman primates
studies extinct human species ‘
studies humans in the present [genetic + phenotypic variation]
Linguistic Anthropology
subset of anthropology that focuses on the relationship between language, thought, and culture
tracks the emergence and diversification of languages
language use in today’s social context
how language is crucial to socialization
Mutation
one of the forces of evolution
these are the only source of new genetic material/variation in a population
types include point mutations, translocations, and frameshift mutations
natural selection
one of the forces of evolution
the differential reproduction of individuals based on heritable differences between them
genetic drift (migration)
one of the forces of evolution
random change in allele frequency
ex: founder effect
gene flow
one of the forces of evolution
the transfer of genes across population boundaries
prevents speciation
humans have migrated a lot throughout history
geology
helped with the understanding that Earth was much older than previously believed, thus providing the correct time scale necessary for natural selection to make sense
science that deals with the Earth’s physical structure and substance
taxonomy
recognition that living organisms have features that they share closely or most distantly with other groups
science dealing with classifying organisms
paleontology
recognition that fossils represent previous living forms that change over time and brought on the idea of extinction
science concerned with fossils and plants
demography
realization that population growth is limited by resources
the study of population growth and resource limitation
Prosimians
Geography - Africa & Asia
prehensile tails; tooth combs; lack of complex social behavioral patterns
lemurs, lorises, tarsiers
Platyrrhines
geography - The Americas
flat noses; dental formula 2133; prehensile tails; small family groups
spider monkeys + tamarin monkeys
Cercopithecoids
Geography - Africa and Asia
non-prehensile tails; large group living; Ischial callosities [butt pad]; 2.1,2.3/2.1,2.3 dental formula w/ bilophodont molars
vervet monkeys + red colobus monkeys
Hominoid
geography - Africa and Asia
no tails, rotational suspensory shoulders, Y-5 molars; high levels of social complexity
orangutans + gorillas
Aristotle
immutability of species; chain of being
Hippocrates
disease from environment/lifestyle
Andreas Vesalius
Cadaver-based anatomy
Roberte Hooks
fossils are organisms’ remains; cells
Carolus Linnaeus
taxonomy of plants and animals
Georges Cuvier
Catastrophism
Robert Thomas Malthus
population growth checked by resources
James Hutton
uniformitarianism
Alfred Wallace
natural selection
Lewis Henry Morgan
Eurocentric stages of “cultural progress”
Franz Boas
Four-Field American Anthrpology
Sherwood Washburn
Brought biology into physical anthropology
Franklin, Watson and Crick
DNA molecular structure
Primate fieldwork
Method for studying non-human primates
goal: observation of behavior in the most normal conditions of their existence
habituation
general hard work conditions
expensive & dangerous
animals are hard to locate
Captive Study
Advantages: cheap and convenient, animals don’t leave, controlled experimental conditions
Disadvantages: primates may act different from them in the wild
ethnocentrism
studying other cultures with the view that the culture you reside in is the most advanced and therefore any other culture should abide by their rules
holism
studying human cultures through multiple perspectives to achieve the highest and complete understanding of that culture.
emic
studying culture from the member of the society’s perspective
etic
studying culture from the perspective of an outsider
cultural relativism
the idea that we should seek to understand another person’s beliefs from their perspective and not ours
phylogeny
evolutionary tree of relativity and divergence of taxonomic groups
habituation
you transform their behavior by making them tolerate your presence
ancestral characters
homologous traits that appear early in the evolution of a lineage