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The biosphere refers to all living organisms and ecosystems on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
The lithosphere refers to the solid outer layer of the Earth, including the continents and the ocean floor.
The hydrosphere refers to all the water on the planet, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater.
The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth, including nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases. The atmosphere plays an important role in regulating the planet's temperature and weather patterns.
Internal sources of energy include heat generated by the planet's hot, molten core and the slow decay of radioactive isotopes in the mantle and crust. This internal energy drives processes such as plate tectonics, volcanism, and the formation of mountain ranges.
External sources of energy include solar radiation and gravitational forces. Solar radiation drives processes such as weather patterns and ocean currents, while gravitational forces drive processes such as the tides and the movement of ocean water.
Ask a question: Start by identifying a problem or asking a question that you would like to answer through scientific investigation.
Do background research: Gather information about the topic by reading books, articles, and scientific papers.
Form a hypothesis: Develop a testable prediction about what you expect to happen based on your research and understanding of the problem.
Conduct an experiment: Design an experiment to test your hypothesis and gather data.
Analyze the data: Examine the results of your experiment and compare them to your hypothesis.
Draw a conclusion: Based on your data, determine if your hypothesis was supported or not.
Communicate the results: Share your findings with others by writing a report or giving a presentation.
Data are the numbers/observations we gather and record at face value
Interpretations are the inferences and decisions we make based on the data
A hypothesis is an idea that someone has, with the intention of testing.
A scientific theory is a set of rules formed over multiple experiments
Energy is a property of matter that describes its ability to do work. It can be thought of as the "fuel" that drives physical and chemical processes in the universe.
Solid: In a solid, the particles are packed closely together and vibrate in place, but they do not have enough energy to move freely.
Liquid: In a liquid, the particles are closer together than in a gas but have more energy, allowing them to move around each other freely.
Gas: In a gas, the particles are far apart from each other and have a lot of energy, allowing them to move rapidly in all directions.
Weathering: Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller pieces due to exposure to physical, chemical, and biological processes. Weathering can occur due to wind, rain, freezing and thawing, and the actions of plants and animals.
Erosion: Erosion is the movement of weathered rock and soil from one location to another by wind, water, or ice. This can lead to the formation of new landforms such as valleys, canyons, and deltas.
Transport: During transport, weathered rock and soil are carried by wind, water, or ice to a new location where they can become part of a sedimentary deposit.
Deposition: Deposition is the laying down of sediment in a new location, where it can become compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rock.
Metamorphism: Metamorphism is the process by which sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rock is changed into a different form due to heat, pressure, or chemical processes. This can cause minerals to recrystallize, rearrange, or change into new minerals.
Melting and Crystallization: Melting and crystallization occur when rocks are heated to the point where they become liquid. As they cool, the liquid rock solidifies into a new type of rock, either igneous or metamorphic.
Latitude: Latitude lines run horizontally around the Earth and are used to specify the north-south position of a location. Latitude is measured in degrees, with the equator being defined as 0° latitude and the North Pole and South Pole being at 90° N and 90° S, respectively.
Longitude: Longitude lines run vertically around the Earth and are used to specify the east-west position of a location. Longitude is also measured in degrees, with the Prime Meridian (0° longitude) passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England.
Latitude and Longitude Intersection: Every location on the Earth's surface can be specified by a unique combination of latitude and longitude coordinates. The intersection of a latitude and longitude line defines a specific point on the Earth's surface.
Time Zones: Longitude lines are also used to define time zones, with each time zone being roughly 15° wide. Time zones are used to ensure that clocks around the world are kept in sync, with each time zone being one hour ahead or behind the time zone to its east or west.
Coordinate System: The latitude/longitude grid system forms a coordinate system that is used to specify the location of points on the Earth's surface with a unique set of coordinates. This system is widely used in geography, navigation, and mapping, and it is the standard coordinate system used by most GPS systems.
Size: terrestrial planets are much smaller than the gaseous planets
Composition: terrestrial planets are terrestrial. Gaseous planets are gaseous.
Density: the inner planets are composed of dense, rocky materials and have solid surfaces, while the Jovian planets are composed of lighter, gaseous materials and lack well-defined surfaces.
The proto-sun formed through the process of gravitational collapse in a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula.
nebula began to collapse under its own gravity, with the densest regions collapsing more quickly
the nebula continued to collapse and heat up, and the gas and dust in the center began to clump together, eventually forming the proto-sun
the process took millions of years, and as the proto-sun continued to heat up, it eventually became the sun that we know today.
due to the conservation of angular momentum
caused the nebula to flatten into a disk-like shape
influenced the formation of the sun and planets and the distribution of the material in the solar system.
the temperature gradient refers to the change in temperature as you move away from the sun.
The temperature in the accretion disk increases as you move closer to the sun and decreases as you move away.
The inner regions of the disk are the hottest and contain mostly gas, while the outer regions are cooler and contain mostly dust and ice.
It played a critical role in the formation of the planets and the distribution of materials in the solar system, as the hotter inner regions of the disk were more conducive to the formation of the inner, rocky planets, while the cooler outer regions were more conducive to the formation of the outer, gaseous planets.
