9th Grade Biology SOL Review

What is the original source of almost all energy in most ecosystems?

sunlight

What is an Observation?

Act of recognizing a fact using your senses

What property of water makes it the 'universal solvent'?

it is a polar molecule

Which group of organic molecules serve as long-term energy storage and waterproof coverings?

lipids

What is not a use or function of proteins?

quick energy

An organism that produces its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an)

autotroph

What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a biological community?

tropic level

A Compound that is being dissolved is called a?

Solute

What does an enzyme act on directly?

substrates

The variable that you change in the experiment. Also called the manipulated variable.

Independent

What is Data?

Information organized for analysis

Enzymes belong to which group of organic compounds

proteins

In a "controlled" experiment, how many variables should you change at a time?

1

What is a Procedure?

Step by step plan of the experiment

Also known as simple sugars, these are the carbohydrate monomers.

monosaccharide

Carbohydrates are made of...

C H O

What is a Dependent Variable?

Variable that is the result of what happened and is considered the data

Attractions between water molecules are called

Hydrogen bonds

What percentage of energy is usually transferred from one trophic level to the next?

10%

Which is the monomer (building block) for nucleic acids?

nucleotide

A(n) ______ ____ is the part of the enzyme the molecule fits into.

active site

Proteins are composed of what smaller subunits?

amino acids

What happens to an enzyme when it is exposed to high temperature and pH?

the enzyme is denatured

True or False: A hypothesis must be stated in a way that is testable.

True

What is required for evolution?

overproduction, competition, and variation

Tt is-

heterozygous

Purple is dominant to white. A heterozygous purple flower is crossed with a white flower. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

50% Pp (purple); 50% pp (white)

A human zygote should have _____ chromosomes inside.

46

Recessive alleles are-

lowercase

Which word is defined as a reduced form of a functional structure in 1 organism that shows up as fully functional in another?

vestigial structures

What best describes a chromosome?

It has genetic information contained in DNA.

The Law of Superposition helps scientists to determine what?

The relative age of rock layers

who developed the theory of Natural Selection that is accepted today?

Darwin

In certain rats, black fur is dominant over white fur. If two rats, both heterozygous for fur color are mated, What percentage of their offspring would be expected to have black fur and white fur?

75% black fur and 25% white fur

What is a diagram that shows characteristic relationships among organisms called?

Cladogram

The model that predicts evolution occurs at a slow, steady rate is called...

gradualism

Unlike mitosis, meiosis in male mammals results in the formation of

four haploid gametes

The hypothesis that evolution of a species occurs in periods of rapid change separated by periods of little or no change is called

punctuated equilibrium

What does a Punnett Square help you do?

Determine the ratio of phenotypes, Determine the ratio of genotypes, and Predict possible traits the offspring will have

A single gene mutation results from

a change in a base sequence in DNA

If a body cell in a butterfly contains 24 chromosomes, a butterfly egg would contain

12

What genotypes is homozygous recessive? (R)

rr

According to the law of superposition, the oldest fossils are found

Near the bottom of the rock layers

In the F1 generation of 915 pea plants, there were 716 tall plants and 199 short plants. Tall is dominant over short. What was the parental cross?

Tt x Tt

When an area of a chromatid is exchanged with the matching area on a chromatid of its homologous chromosome, _________________ occurs

crossing over

If green is dominant over purple, then what is the genotype for a purple individual?

gg

Charles Darwin's observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches

descended from a common ancestor.

Frogs have webbed feet that help them to swim in water. Webbed feet in frogs are an example of a

adaptation

What is a capsid?

protein coat that protects a virus

95% of all animals

invertebrates

What is a virus that attacks bacteria cells?

bacteriophages

All organisms that do not fit into plant, fungi, and animal kingdoms but have a nucleus are:

protists

What shape are Streptococcus bacteria?

oval or spherical

Spiders, shrimp, and snails are examples of

invertebrates

What are Antibiotics used for

bacteria

What is the flagella used for?

movement

Green pigment that helps to absorb sunlight

Chlorophyll

What cycle makes the host cell burst?

Lytic

How do viruses reproduce?

Using a host cell and the lytic cycle

The plant cell wall is made up of

cellulose

How do organisms in kingdom animalia reproduce?

sexually

What are animals that live on both land and in water called?

amphibians

Shingles is a disease that appears in the elderly. Someone may be infected with shingles but only show symptoms dozens of years after infection. What type of virus causes shingles?

A lysogenic cycle virus

What shape are lactobacillus bacteria?

rod shaped

I'm unicellular, autotrophic. What kingdom do I belong to?

Protista

What are disease causing agents like bacteria or viruses called?

pathogens

I am a eukaryote, photosynthetic, and autotrophic. What kingdom do I belong to?

Plantae

What part of the flower turns into the fruit?

Ovary

What type of symmetry do coral have?

radial

What is an example of a nonvascular plant?

moss

Steps of Scientific Method

1. Make an OBSERVATION and state a PROBLEM

2. Create a HYPOTHESIS

3. Set up a CONTROLLED experiment

4. Analyze RESULTS and draw CONCLUSION

Poor

Heating

Causes

Coldness

Control

An experiment without variables

Quantitative

Data recorded as numerical value

Qualitative

Data recorded with a descriptive value

Hypothesis

A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations

ATP

Adenosine tri-phosphate

Cell wall

Supports and protects the cell

Cell Memebrane

Selectively permeable; allows materials to enter and leave

Nucleus

Controls cell activities and contains DNA

Cytoplasm

Holds organelles in place; contains dissolved substances

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll; makes food from light in photosynthesis; glucose

Mitochondria

Power house; makes energy (ATP); breaks down food

Vacuole

Fluid filled sac; stores water; food; chemicals

Chromosomes (DNA)

Works with ribosomes in protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Nuclear Membrane

Controls movement in or out of the nucleus ( nucleolus )

Centrioles

Separates chromosomes during cell division

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transports chemicals between cells and within cells

Golgi Bodies

Modifies chemicals to make them functional; sorts; packages; and secretes chemicals in and out of the cell

Lysosome

Breaks down waste materials

Homeostasis

To MAINTAIN QUILIBRIUM by adjusting its physiological processes

Hypertonic

The solution shrivels due to a higher concentration of solute outside

Hypotonic

The cell or solution swells due to a high concentration of solute inside; Cell Bursts

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute to an area of high solute concentration

Facilitated diffusion

The passive transport of molecules from an are of high concentration gradient to and area of low concentration gradient

Active transport

The moving of substances across the cell membrane using the cell's energy

What are the properties of Prokaryotic cells?

NO nucleus, NO membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Have a nucleus

Mitosis

Cell division that results in 2 diploid somatic cells