Path - Chapter 19 Exam 2: Reproductive

FSH male

initiates spermatogenesis

LH male

stimulates testosterone production

FSH female

follicle growth in ovaries, produce eggs

LH female

stimulates ovulation

Cryptorchidism

- Testis fails to descend into scrotum properly

- increase risk of testicular cancer if not treated by age 2

Hydrocele

Occurs when excessive fluid collects in space between layers the scrotum

Prostatitis

Infection/inflammation of the prostate gland

Prostatitis cause

E. coli (UTIs)

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis

orchitis

inflammation of the testes

Orchitis cause

STI

torsion of testes

emergency. ischemia develops and tests can die

priapism

emergency. prolonged and painful erection

BPH (benign Prostatic Hypertrophy)

Hyperplasia (overgrowth) of prostatic tissue

BPH symptoms

- symptoms gradually increase

- weak stream of urine

- urine hesitancy

- dribbling

- nocturia

- frequency and urgency

- frequent infections

BPH population effected

older adults

BPH pathophysiology

leads to compression of urethra and urinary obstruction (urine backs up)

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland

- signs and symptoms similar to BPH

prosate cancer group affected

men over 50

prosate cancer risk factors

fed by male sex hormones

prosate cancer prognosis

slow growing, caught early, good prognosis

testicular cancer

unilateral, painless, hard, lump on a testicle

testicular cancer groups affected

15-35 year old men

testicular cancer risk factors

Cryptochordism (undescended teste)

hydrocele

epididemytes

Gynecomastia

HCG markers

testicular cancer prognosis

90% treatable if caught early using self examination

fatal if not caught early

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

Dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation

menorrhagia

increased amount and duration of flow

premenstrual syndrome

syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring 1 week before menses

endometriosis

endometrial tissue located outside the uterus

why symptoms of endometriosis occur

tissue has no where to go causing pain and inflammation

Candidiasis

vaginitis caused by the fungus Candida albicans overtaking when normal flora is wiped out

Candidiasis risk factor

A patient on antibiotics, pregnant, diabetic, reduced host resilience

Candidiasis presentation

inflammation, intensely pruritic mucous membranes and a thick, white, curd-like discharge

pelvic inflammatory disease

infection of uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries

pelvic inflammatory disease risk factors

STI, non sterile abortions, childbirth

pelvic inflammatory disease symptoms

- pelvic pain

- purulent drainage

fibroid cysts

- benign tumor

- can interfere with implantation of fertilized egg

breast carcinoma risk factor

- first degree relative

- genes

- long exposure of estrogen

breast carcinoma presentation

- lump (painless, firm, fixed, unilateral, 1-2 can)

- rash

- inflammation

- itchy

- drainage

breast carcinoma prognosis

depending on stage and type

lymph nodes associated with breast cancer

axillary, super clavicular

cervical carcinoma

malignant tumor of the cervix, also called cervical cancer

cervical carcinoma risk factor

- HPV (vaccine preventable)

- age

uterine cancer risk factors

- 55-65 women (post menopausal)

- early menses, late menses

uterine cancer symptom

uterine bleeding

uterine cancer prognosis

good

ovarian cancer prognosis

not good

no screenings available

vague symptoms

75% diagnosed in late stages

STI risk factors

- multiple partners

- caught late

- unprotected sex

STI treatment

antibiotics (treat both partners)

Chlamydia

- Most common

- no symptoms

- treatable with antibiotics

Gonorrhea

- caused by a gonococcus bacterium

- burning pain when urinating, and a discharge

- treatable with antibiotics

Syphilis

- spirochete bacteria

- rashes and ulcers

- antibiotic treated

HSV 1

- treated with antivirals but no cure

- oral sores (herpes)

HSV2

- genital herpes

- no cure treated with antivirals

Genital warts

- HPV cause

- no cure. Topical treatment

- small bumps

Trichomoniasis

- protozoa (parasite

- cured with antibiotics

- inflammation symptoms of genital region