Biology Final

Asexual Reproduction

The formation of a “new” organism (clone) from one parent without the fusion of egg and sperm

Fission

(example sea anemone) The formation of two or more organisms from one parent, that are equal in size and genetics

Fragmentation aka regeneration

The formation of a “new” organism from a part or piece of the original parent

Budding

offspring parent Hydra

The formation of a “new” organism due to outgrowths from a parent

Positives of Budding

No partner

No energy use

increase number of offspring

Negatives of Budding

decrease complexity

decrease diversity

Sexual Reproduction

the formation of a new organism by the fusion of egg and sperm

pollination

insects, bugs, wind/weather, animals —> carry pollen from flower to flower = increase diversity

External Fertilization

A female frog is larger due to egg production

• The size of the thumb dictates the ability of a male to properly mount/hold on to the female

spawning

the release of eggs (by the female) (by the male) in to the external environment

Reproductive Cycles

a time in an organisms lifetime when fertilization is optimal

example

• Season

• Hormones

• Temperol (timing of the season)

• Lunar

• pH/ temperature

Internal Fertilization

sperm deposited to the female reproductive tract

example- animals

Gamate /Egg delivery, production, and gestation time in the womb

Development in the uterus (mammals)

Placenta (mammalian feature)

heavily vasculated tissue that surrounds a developing organism for the purpose of production and nourishment

umbilical cord

connection between mother and offspring; nutrient and waste control

spermatheca

found in female insects and acts as sperm storage vesicle for upwards of 1 year

Marsupials

Internally and externally develop their offspring

example bat, koala, and kangaroo

Egg development and release

gelatinas, clear “egg” (protection from harm and nourishment)

yolk sac (fat rich for nutrition)

Cloarca

general opening in birds/reptiles meant for digestion/waste removal, reproduction, and egg delivery

Kangaroos can have 3 stages of birth at once

Male Reproductive System

Male gonads (sex cell producers) : testes

Testes

are made of highly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules

Maturing sperm

are supported by nurse cells aka Sertoli cells

What are the testes responsible for?

the production of testosterone (specifically is produced by lydig cells)

Semen Production made possible by 3 Accessory Glands

1. Seminal Vesicle: contributions to 60% of total semen volume; contributes sugar, mucus, and other nutrients

2. Prostate Gland: contributes further to the nutrition of the sperm

3. Bulbourethal Gland: neutralizing the uretha for eventual ejaculation

Where are the testes held

outside the body in the scrotum

• Not all mammals have scrotum hang from the body

• sperm production is only present during mating season

  Whales and Elephants have their testicles without their body cavity at all times

Journey of the sperm

The sperm mature and travel through the seminiferous tubules to epididymis (20 days). Sperm are stored at this area until ejaculation. Sperm next travels to vas deferent to prepare for ejaculation. The vas deferent leads to the ejaculatory duct and lastly uretha at the moment of release.

What is Biology?

the study of life

What is Chemistry?

study of matter and the changes matter undergoes

What is the macromolecule that the Rough ER creates?

glycoprotein

Steps for DNA Replication

1. Helicase unravels the DNA and Topoismerase alleviates any strain created by the unwinding of DNA

2. Primers are added via Primase to begin the Replication process

3. DNA polymerase III attaches to the original strand created by the unwinding of DNA

4. DNA polymerase III attaches closest to the Replication Fork and builds away from the replication replication fork. The building of the new strand is not continuous/ strand is built in fragments (Okazaki fragments)

5. DNA polymerase I removes the primers and replaces RNA with DNA. Ligase attaches all pieces / fragments together

Steps for RNA Transcription

1. Promoter attaches with RNA Polymerase

2. Transcription factors initiate the process

3. Once bonded, the transcription complex is formed

4. RNA sequence begins to “grow”/ elongate at 3’

5. Upon reaching terminator —> pre mRNA is released

Where does transcription occur

nucleus

where does translation occur

cytoplasm

What does transcription create?

RNA

What does Translation create?

proteins