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What is the Territorial North?
A vast region in northern Canada, consisting of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, characterized by sparse population and an emerging Indigenous governance system.
What are the four major current issues in the Territorial North?
Indigenous governance, rapid climate change, Arctic sovereignty, and resource development.
What percentage of Canada's land area is covered by the Territorial North?
Approximately 39%.
What is the Northwest Passage?
A sea route through the Arctic Ocean connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, increasingly open due to climate change.
What was the Indigenous population percentage in the Territorial North in 2016?
52.5%.
What are two main factors changing the physical landscape of the Territorial North?
Climate change and thawing permafrost.
What year marked the start of modern Indigenous land claims in Canada?
1973, with the Calder v. Attorney General of British Columbia decision.
What was the first modern land claim agreement in the Territorial North?
The Inuvialuit Final Agreement in 1984.
What distinguishes the Tlicho Agreement (2005)?
It included provisions for self-government.
What major political achievement occurred in 1999 for the Inuit?
The creation of the territory of Nunavut.
What is the economic base of the Territorial North?
A narrow, resource-based economy heavily subsidized by Ottawa.
What is the Territorial Formula Financing?
A federal transfer payment program that supports territorial governments financially.
What is an example of an Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA)?
Agreements like those between the Tlicho and the Diavik Diamond Mine, providing employment and benefits.
Why does Ottawa require Nunavut to have a "public" government?
To ensure all residents, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, have equal political rights.
What are examples of major urban centres in the Territorial North?
Whitehorse, Yellowknife, and Iqaluit.
What percentage of Yukon's population lived in Whitehorse in 2016?
77%.
What demographic trend characterizes the Territorial North?
High Indigenous fertility rates and low migration from southern Canada.
Why is climate change more rapid in the Arctic?
Due to the albedo effect—less snow and ice means more solar energy absorbed, warming the region faster.
What year did the Milne Ice Shelf collapse?
August 2020.
What might happen to the Arctic Ocean by the mid-21st century?
It could become functionally ice-free during the summer months.
What is the historical significance of the Little Ice Age in Arctic exploration?
It made Arctic navigation much more difficult, affecting explorers like Martin Frobisher and Sir John Franklin.
Who was Sir John Franklin?
A British explorer whose 1845 expedition to find the Northwest Passage ended in disaster.
What happened to Franklin's ships?
Both the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror were lost and only rediscovered between 2014 and 2016.
What industries historically connected the Inuit to global trade?
Whaling and fur trading.
What negative impacts did whaling and fur trading have on Inuit communities?
Spread of European diseases, social disruption, and increased dependency.
What is the term "Fourth World," coined by George Manuel?
A concept describing Indigenous peoples trapped between traditional lifestyles and nation-states, suffering from internal colonialism.
What are the main factors behind high suicide rates in Nunavut?
Cultural dislocation, social stress, and lack of economic opportunities.
What replaced the whaling economy for the Inuit in the 20th century?
The fur trade, particularly Arctic fox pelts.
What was the impact of relocation on Inuit communities after WWII?
It caused cultural disruption, economic hardship, and language loss.
What is the name of the Inuit political organization responsible for administering the Nunavut land claims?
Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated.
What is the current trend in Arctic wildlife due to climate change?
Polar bears are negatively affected; whale populations are increasing.
What are the four Inuit homelands collectively known as?
Inuit Nunangat: Inuvialuit, Nunavut, Nunavik, and Nunatsiavut.
What is Hans Island, and why is it contested?
A small Arctic island disputed between Canada and Denmark (Greenland).
What was the Bathurst Mandate (1999)?
A strategic vision to achieve a viable Nunavut society within 20 years, now considered optimistic.
What natural resource extraction project is notable in Baffin Island?
The Mary River iron ore project.
What is air commuting in mining operations?
Flying workers to remote mine sites instead of building permanent mining towns.
What is the main form of employment in the Territorial North?
Public sector jobs within territorial governments.
What is Territorial North's primary sector employment compared to Ontario?
4.7% in the North versus 1.9% in Ontario.
What is the difference between an ethnic government and a public government?
Ethnic governments serve specific Indigenous populations; public governments serve all residents equally.
What is the main current environmental challenge for the Arctic Ocean?
The significant reduction of sea ice, impacting sovereignty and shipping routes.
What cruise ship famously traversed the Northwest Passage in 2016?
The Crystal Serenity.
What does the Arctic Council do?
Promotes cooperation among Arctic states on issues like sustainable development and environmental protection.
What resource lies under the Arctic seabed and fuels sovereignty disputes?
Vast petroleum and natural gas deposits.
What is meant by "economic spearheads" in the Territorial North?
Unique economic activities tied to Indigenous culture and resources that spur local economic development.
Who encouraged Inuit soapstone carving in the late 1940s and 1950s?
Canadian artist and writer James Houston.
What economic activity did James Houston introduce to Cape Dorset in 1957?
Printmaking for Inuit artists.
What role do comprehensive land claim agreements play in Indigenous economies?
They provide cash settlements used to invest in businesses, supporting market economy participation.
What is the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC)?
The business arm of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement that invests settlement funds into various enterprises.
What annual payments does the IRC provide to Inuvialuit members?
Over $500 per adult, based on 15% of the corporation's 10-year income.
How is Baffin Fisheries Coalition an example of Indigenous enterprise?
Owned by five hunter and trapper associations, it harvests and exports fish to China.
What is the MV Sivulliq?
A 64-metre shrimp trawler owned by Baffin Fisheries Coalition.
How has climate change benefited Arctic fisheries?
Warming waters have increased the range of turbot and other fish species.
What is a Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement (CLCA)?
A modern treaty that settles Indigenous land rights through land, cash, and resource access.
What was the first modern treaty signed in Canada?
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA) in 1975.
What year was the Inuvialuit Final Agreement signed?
1984.
What are the two sectors created by the Inuvialuit Final Agreement?
Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (business) and Inuvialuit Game Council (environment).
What key element was missing from early comprehensive agreements?
Self-government provisions.
Which CLCA led to the creation of Nunavut?
The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, signed in 1993.
What are "country foods"?
Traditional foods obtained from hunting, fishing, and gathering.
Why is country food significant to Indigenous communities?
It supports cultural identity, reduces food costs, and fosters community sharing.
Why has trapping declined in the Territorial North?
Low fur prices, reduced demand, and effective animal rights lobbying.
What was John Diefenbaker's "Northern Vision"?
A 1950s policy promoting infrastructure development like highways to open the North to resource exploitation.
Why are roads expensive to build in the Territorial North?
Permafrost conditions and vast distances between communities.
What is the Deh Cho Bridge?
A bridge over the Mackenzie River that replaced ferry and ice road transport near Fort Providence.
Why is shipping ore costly?
Because low-grade ores like copper, lead, and zinc are bulky and expensive to transport.
What was the Pine Point mining project?
A lead-zinc mine near Hay River that operated after a railway link was completed.
What is cultural commuting?
Fly-in, fly-out work arrangements that allow Indigenous workers to maintain traditional lifestyles.
Define megaprojects in the Territorial North.
Huge resource projects requiring massive capital, long construction times, and reliant on commodity prices.
What are the three critical features of megaprojects?
Huge capital investment, long construction periods, and price-cycle vulnerability.
Name a major iron ore project in Nunavut.
The Mary River Project.
Why did the Mary River Project alter its original transportation plan?
Falling iron ore prices led to replacing a railway with a less expensive road to Milne Inlet.
What happened to the Mackenzie Gas Project?
Shelved due to low natural gas prices after the shale boom.
When was the Norman Wells oil field discovered?
1920.
What led to the boom of the Norman Wells oil field?
The construction of a pipeline completed in 1985.
Who discovered Canada's first diamond deposits in the Northwest Territories?
Charles Fipke and Stewart Blusson in 1991.
Name the three major operating diamond mines in the NWT.
Ekati, Diavik, and Gahcho Kué.
What caused the closure of the Snap Lake diamond mine?
High water seepage and continuous financial losses.
What toxic legacy did the Giant gold mine near Yellowknife leave behind?
237,000 tonnes of arsenic trioxide.
What are the problems with relying on megaprojects for economic development?
They are vulnerable to boom-bust cycles and environmental degradation.
What is an Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA)?
A negotiated agreement between Indigenous groups and resource developers ensuring employment and benefits.
What example shows Indigenous concerns halting megaproject expansion?
The 2019 suspension of hearings on Baffinland's Mary River railway expansion.
What did the 2016 Arctic offshore oil and gas moratorium aim to do?
Protect Arctic waters from environmental harm after consultations with Indigenous groups.
What is the "staples trap"?
Economic collapse when reliance on a single resource leads to no diversification.
What percentage of global diamonds come from Canada's NWT?
Approximately 15%.
What is one major challenge faced by Indigenous communities from megaprojects?
Short-term benefits followed by long-term environmental and economic issues.