Intro to Pathology

Why is a basic knowledge of pathology important for a technologist?

• technical factor adjustments

• carefulness when positioning

• image evaluation

pathology

study of disease

disease

abnormal disturbance in a body’s structure or function

pathogenesis

origin of disease

syndrome

a group of signs that labels a condition

sympton vs sign

subjective vs objective

etiology

cause of disease

iatrogenic

result of medical treatmetn

idiopathic

unknown cause

diagnosis

assigning a name of the disease

prognosis

predicted outcome

osteolytic disease

subtractice or destructive condition

osteoblastic disease

additive or sclerotic disease

7 disease classifications

congenital

hereditary

inflammatory

degenerative

metabolic

truamatic

neoplastic

congenital

occurs in utero

present at birth

heredity

genetic

inflammatory

heat

swelling

pain

redness

loss of function

degenerative

caused by deterioration of the body

metabolic

endocrine disorders

disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body

traumatic

developed due to trauma

neoplalstic

new, abnormal tissue growth

benign vs malignant

benign tumor characteristics

grow slowly

distinct boarders

don’t spread

fibroma

benign tumor in the fibrous tissue

chondroma

benign tumor in the cartilage

adenoma

bening tumor in glands

lipoma

bening tumor in the fat tissue

myoma

benign tumor in the muscle

hemangioma

bening tumor of burst blood vessels

characteristics of malignant tumors

grow

invade

spread

ill-defined boarders

carcinoma

malignant tumore that starts in the skin cells or surrounding organs

myeloma

malignant tumor starting in the blood cells in the bone marrow

leukemia

malignant tumor starting in the blood cells in the blood stream

sarcoma

highly malignant tumor found in bones, muscles, and/or cartilage

types of metastatic spread

hematogenous - blood

lymphatic - lymph tissue

invasion - close proximity

seeding - moves to distant tissues

abscess

pus under the skin

effusion

fluid build up in joints

edema

fluid build up in tissue

ischemia

restriction of blood flow to the body’s tissue

types of ischemia

cardiac - artherosclerosis

brain - stroke

intestinal - necrosis

limb - gangrene

hemorrhage

active, on-going blood loss

internal or external

hematoma

collection of clotted blood outside of the blood vessels

• caused by injury/truama

• caused spontaneously as we age

atrophy

the physiological process of reabsorption and breakdown of tissues

decreases function

types of atrophy

physiologic - lack of use of muscle (EX: after a cast)

pathologic - occus with age

neurogenic - lack of use due to nerve damage

dysplasia

abnormal development of cells within tissue

• can occur anywhere in the body

• can develop into pre-cancerous cells

types of dysplasia

hyperplasia

hypoplasia

aplasia

number of bones in the skeleton

206

2 types of skeletal systems

axial and appendicular

compact bone

aka cortical bone

very dense surface layer of all bones

joint structures and functions

S: fibrous F: synarthrodial

S: cartilagenous F: amphiarthrodial

S: synovial F: diarthodial

3 types of bone cells and their functions

osteocytes - maintain bone

osteoblasts - build bone

osteoclasts - remove bone

3 types of blood cells found in bones

WBCs - infection

RBCs - blood formation

platelets - coagulation

organic substance of bone

collagen

inorganic substance of bone

calcium

another name for spongey bone

cancellous bone

bone remodeling

process by which bone is continously replaced with new bone