Reading Quiz 2 320

morphs

distinct forms of the stickleback evolved

natural selection

can lead to adaptation by selecting for traits that benefit individuals within a population

gene flow

the movement of alleles from one population to another, increases genetic variation

genetic drift

reduces genetic variation, a change in allele frequency within a population from chance events. more important in small pops

mutation

a random change in the base sequence of the genetic material

evolution

allele

variant forms of a gene

emigration

migration of individuals out of their population

immigration

migration of individuals into a new population

modifier genes

genes that influence others

polymorphic

when a population has many forms of a trait

heritability

the proportion of the variation in that trait, how well differences in genes can account for differences in traits

Ex. height is 0.8 (80%) meaning genetic variation is responsible for the variety of heights in the human population

adaptation

A trait that increases an individuals reproductive success in a particular environment in comparison to individuals without it

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

a large-scale atmospheric system affects climate worldwide

directional selection

natural selection favors the evolution of one extreme phenotype

tradeoffs

compromises between different functions that may be more or less effective in different envrionments

confidence interval (CI)

fitness

reproductive success

the number of genetic offspring an individual produces that survive until reproductive age

sexual selection

selection that arises when individuals vary in their ability to achieve matching success in a particular environment

intrasexual selection

differential mating success among individuals of one sex coming from competition among the same sex

intersexual selection

differential mating success among individual of one sex coming from competition among the opposite sex

sexual dimorphism

difference in form between females and males of the same species

speciation

the origin of new species

allopatric speciation

requires 2+ populations to be geographically separated long enough for genetic divergence to occur between populations

adaptive radiation

divergence of an ancestral species into numerous descendant species adapted to different habitats available in the new environment

sympatric speciation

the formation of new species within a single geographical area

phylogeny

the evolutionary history of ancestry and descent of a group of related organisms

phytoplankton

a diverse group of free floating microorganisms

photosynthesis

the process plant undergos to convert light and CO2 into energy and sugar and then release oxygen

chlorophyll

traps light and reflects green light

nutrients

chemical substances that support growth, development, and reproduction

light reactions

energy from the sun is converted into ATP and NADPH and oxgyen is produced as waste

carbon fixation reactions (Calvin Cycle)

ATP and NADPH is used to make complex carbs from CO2

photosystems

light capturing units that convert light energy into chemical bond energy

C3 photosynthesisi

employing the Calvin cycle in the mesophyll cells of the leaf just below the epidermal layer

rubisco

a catalyzed enzyme called ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

photorespiration

when plants loose fixed carob as CO2 in the presence of light

C4 photosynthesis

uses enzyme PEPCase

PEPcase

phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase

CAM photosynthesis

Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, extremely efficient in minimizing water loss

epiphytes

plants that grow upon other plants and depend on their host for support

essential nutrient

required for an organism to carry out normal metabolic processes, and/or to build structures required for growth or repodcution

nitrogen fixation

a biological process in which bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia

leaching

meta-analysis

systematic analyses of data collected independently by other researchers

herbivores

organisms that eat planet tissues and fluids

carnivores

organisms that eat other animals

omnivores

organisms that eat both plant and animal material

saprotrophs

heterotrophs that use already dead organisms or organic matter produced by organisms

detritivores aka decomposers

eat dead matter

detritus

dead matter

ecological stoichiometry

studies the balance of the multiple chemical substances that play roles in ecological processes5

homeostasis

the maintenance of a constant internal environment within an organism’s cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

species composition

which species are present in a community

induced defense

producing a defensive substance only when injured or threatened with injury

biological pump

slow process of CO2 recirculation, most carbon returns to the atmosphere by ocean upwelling

acclimation

the process or result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or to new conditions. Occurs in a lab

tolerance

the ability to survive and function under stressful or extreme environmental conditions

endotherms

organisms that maintain their body heat by conserving metabolic heat

exotherms

organisms who body temperature is influenced by the external environment

thermal neutral zone

an environmental temperature range which an animals metablic rate is constant

conductive heat transfer

transfer of heat energy from molecular collisions within or between substances

convective heat transfer

transfer of heat energy from the movement of fluids such as air and water

torpor

a state of great reduced body temperature and metabolic rate

hibernation

a state of torpor that lasts for several months throughout the cold season

water potential

similar to potential energy, it is the measure of waters ability to do work

pioneer species

the first organisms to colonize a new environment

root/shoot system

a measure of the weight of the root system to that of the shoots

osmolarity

a measure of the quantity of solutes dissolved in that solution (moles of solute per liter of solution)

Osmoconformers

organisms that change their body fluid osmolarity to match the concentration of the medium

osmoregulators

organisms that maintain an internal osmolarity that is different from their external environment

hyperosmotic regulators

organisms that maintain their internal salt levels that are greater than those found in their environment

hypoosmotic regulators

organisms that maintain their internal salt levels that are lower than those found in their environment

mineral matter

what soil gets from its parent rock

organic matter

comes from living and decaying organisms

coarse fraction

particles greater than 2mm in diameter

fine-earth fraction

equal to or less than 2mm

sand

2.00 to 0..05

silt

0.05 to 0.002 ml

clay

less than 0.002 ml

soil texture

the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay

textural classes

12 classes defined by the percentages of sand, silt, and clay

loam

the most desirable for crops, don’t contain equal parts but exhibit equal properties of sand, silt, and clay

soil permeability

the ease that air and water pass through a layer of soil

surface area

exposed amount of soil

adsorption

when nutrients form a loose chemical bond with clay particles

soil structure

the arrangement or grouping of soil particles into clusters

aggregeates

soil clusters

humus

semistable, dark-colored organic material that consists of decomposed products of plant and animal wastes and residues

macroorganisms

large organisms

microorganisms

small organisms

biomass

living organisms in soil

pore space

the space between particles of soil

macropores

larger than 0.08 ml in diameter

micropores

less than or equal to 0.08 ml

saturation

when pores are completely filled with water and there is no air

field capacity

when the water has drained from the marcopores and is held in the micropores

permanent wilting point

when plants have removed all the water they possibly can from the soil and begin to wilt

reaction

whether it’s acid, neutral, or alkaline(basic)