Critical Thinking Unit 2 Flashcards

Flashcards for Critical Thinking Unit 2 Study Guide

What are the key review materials for Critical Thinking Unit 2?

Readings & Videos: “Facts, Inferences & Judgements” Ch. 2 “Recognizing Arguments” Ch. 3 “Basic Logical Concepts” Video 1.2 “Understanding Arguments” Video 1.3

Name the vocabulary words related to critical thinking.

Fact, Inference, Judgement, Premise, Objective, Subjective, Statement of Inference, Statement of Judgment, Conclusion, Inductive

List additional vocabulary words related to arguments and reasoning.

Chain argument, Denying the antecedent, Statement, non-statement, Indicator words, Statement of fact, Deductive, Strict necessity test

What is this argument an example of?

“If you wear a helmet, you won't hurt your head in a crash. If you don't hurt your head in a crash, you won't get a headache. Therefore, if you wear a helmet, you won't get a headache.”

hypothetical syllogism / chain argument

What are further vocabulary words related to types of arguments?

Modus ponens, Affirming the consequent, Inductive generalization, Argument by elimination, Causal Argument, Statistical Argument, Analogy

List more vocabulary words related to argument evaluation.

Argument based on math, Argument from analogy, Invalid argument, Cogent argument, Uncogent Argument, Sound deductive arguments, Strong argument

More vocabulary words related to critical thinking

Weak argument, Argument from definition, Valid argument, Unsound arguments, Illustration, Principle of Charity, Principle of Charity test

Even more vocabulary words related to critical thinking

Explanation, Rhetorical question, Common knowledge test, Past event test, Author’s intent test, Ought imperative, Report

Still even more vocabulary words related to critical thinking

Conditional statements, Unsupported assertions, Unstated premise, Arguments from authority, Consequent, Predictive argument, Antecedent

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What are the learning targets for this unit?

Identify premises, conclusions, and indicator words.

What is another learning target for this unit?

Use deductive reasoning to solve logical problems/ mini-mysteries.

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What is a learning target in this unit related to statements?

Identify statements and non-statements.

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What is a critical skill we should apply?

Recognize an argument, and explain what is not an argument.

What is an important learning target for evaluating arguments?

Apply a variety of tests to determine the validity and strength of arguments, both deductive and inductive.

Explain in detail the differences between what types of reasoning mentioned in notes?

Explain in detail the differences between inductive and deductive reasoning, and provide real-world examples of both.

Deductive argument patterns?

Understand the five basic patterns of deductive reasoning and use them to craft arguments.

What should be known about inductive reasoning patterns?

Understand the six basic patterns of inductive reasoning and use them to craft arguments.

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List a possible essays for this unit.

Analyze the concept of deductive validity and inductive strength. How do these differ in their approach to establishing the truth of conclusions? How do these concepts contribute to the evaluation of arguments? Provide real-world examples as support.

What are the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning takes you from the specific to the general, while in deductive reasoning, you make inferences by going from general premises to specific conclusions.

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What is a fact?

A statement that can be proven true or false with objective evidence.

What is an inference?

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. It is an educated guess.

What is a judgement?

An expression of opinion or evaluation based on a set of values or criteria, and can be subjective.

What is a premise?

A statement that is assumed to be true and used as a basis for an argument.

Explain Objective

Based on facts rather than feelings or opinions.

Explain Subjective

Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.

What does Inductive mean?

Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.

What does Deductive mean?

Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.

What is Chain Argument?

Where the conclusion of one argument becomes a premise in another.

Define denying the antecedent.

A formal fallacy in which one assumes that if P is false, then Q is false.

What is a Statement?

A sentence that is either true or false.

Define non-statement.

Sentences that are not true or false, cannot be an argument.

What are Indicator words?

Words that signal the presence of a premise or conclusion.

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What is a Statement of fact?

A statement that can be verified with evidence.

What is Strict necessity test?

A test to determine if an argument is deductive by seeing if the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.

What is Common pattern test?

Recognizing established patterns of valid deductive arguments.

What is a syllogism?

A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion.

What is a Categorical syllogism?

A syllogism that uses statements about categories.

What is Modus tollens?

If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P.

What is Generalization?

A broad statement or conclusion based on limited evidence.

What is a Hypothetical syllogism?

A syllogism with a conditional statement as a premise.

What is Modus ponens?

If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q.

What is Affirming the consequent?

A formal fallacy where one assumes that if Q is true, then P must be true.

What is Inductive generalization?

Drawing a conclusion about a population based on a sample.

What is Argument by elimination?

An argument that seeks to prove a conclusion by eliminating all other possibilities.

What is a Causal Argument?

An argument that claims one thing causes another.

What is a Statistical Argument?

An argument that uses statistical evidence to support a conclusion.

What is an Analogy?

A comparison between two things to highlight a similarity.

What is Argument from analogy?

Arguing that because two things are alike in some ways, they are alike in others.

What is an Invalid argument?

An argument where the conclusion does not follow from the premises.

What is a Cogent argument?

A strong inductive argument with true premises.

What is an Uncogent Argument?

A weak inductive argument or one with false premises.

Define a Valid argument.

An argument where if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

What is the Principle of Charity?

Interpreting an argument in the most reasonable way possible.

What is an Explanation?

A statement that clarifies why something is the case.

What is Rhetorical question?

A question asked for effect, not requiring an answer. This is a non-statement.

What is an Argument from authority?

An argument that relies on the expertise of an authority figure.

Define Propaganda

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

What is an Infodemic?

A rapid and widespread proliferation of misinformation.

What is Misinformation?

False or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive.

Define disinformation.

False information that is intentionally spread in order to deceive or mislead.

What is Glittering Generalities propaganda?

Using emotionally appealing words to evoke positive feelings.

What is Plain Folks propaganda?

Trying to show that a person or product is 'just like you'.

What is Card Stacking propaganda?

Presenting only one side of an issue.

What is Testimonials propaganda?

Using famous or trustworthy people to endorse a product or idea.

What is Bandwagon propaganda?

Suggesting that everyone is doing it and you should too.