Alevel Biology Unit 1 Cell Structure and Function

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Information regarding in depth structure and function of cell organelles. Basics of bacteria and virus. According to 2025 -2027 A level Biology

70 Terms

1

Cell

Basic structural and functional unit of all living things

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2

Two Types of Cell

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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3

Size of prokaryotic cell

1-5umin diameter, typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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4

Size of animal cell

20um

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5

Size of plant cell

40 um to 100 um in diameter, generally larger than animal cells.

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6

Prokaryotic cells always have a cell wall made of ——————-.

peptidoglycan.

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7

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes divide by different mechanisms called

Eukaryotes by mitosis and prokaryotes by binary fission.

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8

What is the organelle that all eukaryotes have but prokaryotes do not?

Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Like Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body and mitochondria

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9

What are the structures found in all Bacteria?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, 70s ribosomes, and circular DNA

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10

What the structures found in some bacteria but not all?

Pili or Fimbriae, flagella, plasmids, cell wall, and slim capsule

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11

Cell wall of bacteria is made of——————.

Murein

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12

Circular DNA

Double stranded DNA joined at ends to create a loop usually found in prokaryotes.

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13

Plasmids

Small Circular DNA molecules which have genes for anti-biotic resistance

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14

Pilli or Fimbriae

Help with attachment to surfaces and other cells. Also help in Reproduction.

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15

Virus

Non cellular structure with a nucleic acid core

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16

Viruses have a protein coat made of ————————.

Capsid which has subunits capsomeres.

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17

Outer envelope of some viruses is made of?

Phospholipids

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18

Liquid substance in a cell is called

Cytosol

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19

Double membrane organelles

Nucleus, chloroplast, Mitochondria

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20

Single membrane organelles

Sap Vacuole, Golgi Body, Endoplasmic reticulum

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21

Substances leaving the nucleus from the nuclear pore

mRNA and Ribosomes

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22

Substances entering Nucleus from Cytoplasm

Proteins to make:

1) Ribosomes

2)Nucleotides

3)ATP

4) Hormones like Thyroid Hormone T3.

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23

Chromosomes

Contain DNA which is organized into functional units called genes that control the activity of the cell and inheritance

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24

Site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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25

Site of transcription and mRNA production

Nucleus

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26

Site of ribosomal synthesis

Nucleolus (inside the nucleus)

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27

Chromatin

DNA and its associated proteins

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28

Size of cell wall, cell membrane and nucleus

2um,7nm,7um respectively

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29

Endoplasmic Reticulum form —————— compartments called, ————-.

flattened, sacs

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30

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ——————- but Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not.

Ribosomes.

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31

70s Ribosomes are found in all prokaryotes and in ————————- and ————————- of eukariyotes.

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

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32

Ribosomes made of two subunits called

large subunit and small subunit

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33

Size of 70s and 80s ribosomes

18nm and 22nm respectively

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34

Function of Rough endoplasmic Reticulum VS Function of Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

RER = Site of protein synthesis and protein modification

SER = site for lipid and cholesterol synthesis

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35

Euchromatin

loosely packed form of DNA and transcriptionally active (lightly stained under microscope)

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36

Heterochromatin

Tightly packed form of DNA Transcriptionally inactive. (Deeply stained under microscope.)

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37

Golgi boby

Stack of flattened sacs.

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38

Golgi body formed by?

Transportation vesicles from RER on cis face

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39

Golgi Body broken down to form?

Secretory vesicles and lysosomes on trans face

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40

4 major roles of Golgi Body

Hint: ( Mia Paid For the Frogs:))

1) Modification of proteins and lipids. (like addition of phosphate group)

2) Packaging molecules into vesicles for transport

3) Formation of secretory vesicles to transport protein out of cell

4) Formation of lysosomes

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41

Which amino acid is removed in golgi body from newly formed proteins to make them functional?

The first amino acid …… methioene

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42

Role of golgi body in plants

converts sugar into cell wall components

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43

Size of golgi body

7nm each cisterna

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44

Size of Lysosome

1um

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45

Lysosomes are ———— membraned, ——————sacs containing ———————- enzymes that work in —————- conditions. Example of these is ———————— present in sperms.

single, spherical, hydrolytic, acidic, acrosomes.

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46

In ———————-, lysosomes digest bacteria in a process known as———————-.

White blood cells, Phagocytosis

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47

Site of synthesize of ATP

Mitochondria

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48

Mitochondria divides by —————.

Binary fission

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49

A mitochondria’s inner fold form finger like projections called ————— which project into interior solution called ——————.

cristae, matrix

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50

outer membrane of mitochondria has transport protein called————.

Porin

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51

inner membrane of mitochondria has more ——————- barrier

selective

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52

where does respiration occur and what is supplied to the reaction?

matrix solution and inner cristae. Hydrogen electrons with help of enzymes supplied.

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53

Energy is released by breaking ATP into ————- in a —————- reaction. This is then —————- in the mitochondria to form ATP during ———————.

ADP, hydrolysis, recycled, respiration

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54

cell surface membrane has a ——————————— appearance

Trilaminar

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55

Light Dependent reaction in chloroplast and its location

Light energy absorbed and water is used to synthesize ATP.

occurs in thylakoid

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56

Light Independent reactions in chloroplast and location

ATP used to covert Co2 into glucose also called co2 fixation. occurs in Stroma.

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57

Arrange in proper order lamella, grana, and thylakoid

Lamella- single membrane in chloroplast

Thylakoid- fold in membrane

Granna- stack of folds in membrane

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58

Microtubules are made of a protein called —————-. which has two types —————- and ———— tubulin. These two join together to form a —————. These join together end to end to form a long —————————-. ———- of this line up to form a ring.

Tubulin, Alpha, Beta, dimer, protofilament, 13

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59

microtubules are the ———————— transport system as vesicles and organelles can move along their surface.

intracellular

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60

microtubules form —————- in cell division to separate chromosomes and—————.

spindle fibres, centrioles

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Microtubules along with ——————- filament form the cells ————.

Actin, cytoskeleton

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62

Centrioles are ————- from most plant cells

absent

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63

A centriole has a ————- centre and is made of ———————————— of microtubules.

hollow, nine triplets

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64

microtubules for spindle formation are assembled by ——————-.

centrosomes

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65

centrioles found at the base of cilia and ——————- known as ———————— extend microtubules which is vital for locomotion.

flagella basal bodies

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66

Middle lamella contains substances like ——————— that glue substances to glue cells together.

pectin

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67

Role of sap vacuole

1) support through turgor pressure

2)Lysosomal activity (contains hydrolytic enzymes)

3)Store nutrients

4)Store waste material

5)contains pigments

6) contain latex or calcium oxalate to avoid herbivores

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68

Axoneme

cylinder of microtubules arranged in 9+2 arrangement

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69

Nine—————- of microtubules make wall of axoneme present in cilia and flagella. Each duplet is made of two microtubules A and B. Microtubule A has complete ——— protofilaments while B is in complete and has ————- protofilaments.

duplet, 13, 10

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70

When centrifuged in what order do organelles sediment?

nuceus——Chloroplast———-Mitochondria———RER—-Plasma membrane—-Ribosomes

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