Biology Exam Flashcards - Plant and Animal Structures

A set of 100 flashcards covering key concepts in plant and animal structures, along with evolutionary principles.

What is the function of Rough ER in plant cells?

Protein synthesis.

What does the Smooth ER synthesize in plant cells?

Lipids.

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells?

Modify and transport proteins.

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

ATP production.

What is the purpose of a vacuole in plant cells?

Storage.

What is the function of the cell wall?

Support.

What are the main components of plant structure?

Cells, tissues, organs.

What is the role of roots in plants?

Anchor, absorb, store.

How do root hairs increase a plant's efficiency?

By increasing surface area.

What is the function of stems in plants?

Support and transport.

What component provides strength to plant stems?

Lignin.

How many species of plants are there approximately?

300,000 species.

What plant group is considered the ancestor of all plants?

Charophytes.

What is the evolutionary order of plant species?

Algae → Bryophytes → Pterophytes → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms.

What is the function of a cuticle in plants?

Prevent water loss.

What does lignin provide in plant structure?

Support.

What is the primary role of seeds in plants?

Protect the embryo.

What are the characteristics of animals?

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic.

What is asymmetry in terms of animal structure?

None.

What does radial symmetry mean?

Circular body plan.

What is bilateral symmetry?

Left/right body plan.

What does the ectoderm develop into?

Skin.

What does the mesoderm develop into?

Muscle.

What is the endoderm responsible for?

Digestive system.

What is a protostome?

Mouth develops first.

What is a deuterostome?

Anus develops first.

What specific function does the root serve apart from absorption?

Anchoring the plant.

What type of cells can plant cells be classified into?

Tissues.

What do chloroplasts do in plant cells?

Photosynthesis.

How do vascular tissues function in plants?

Transport water and nutrients.

What are the two main types of vascular tissue in plants?

Xylem and Phloem.

What does xylem transport?

Water.

What does phloem transport?

Nutrients and sugars.

How do angiosperms reproduce?

Flowers and seeds.

What is a distinguishing feature of gymnosperms?

Naked seeds.

Which group of plants is known as the 'ferns'?

Pterophytes.

What type of plants are bryophytes?

Mosses and liverworts.

What type of environment do charophytes thrive in?

Freshwater.

What is the role of lignin in cell walls?

Provide structural support.

What cellular structure is responsible for energy production?

Mitochondria.

How does the plant structure relate to function?

Different structures serve specific functions.

What is the primary function of the cuticle in plants?

Water retention.

What are stomata and their function?

Pores for gas exchange.

What are two key adaptations of plants for life on land?

Cuticle and stomata.

What is transpiration in plants?

Loss of water vapor from leaves.

What are gametangia in plant reproduction?

Structures that produce gametes.

What is the significance of seedless plants in ecology?

They stabilize soil and provide habitats.

What is an example of a non-vascular plant?

Moss.

What is the primary difference between monocots and dicots?

Number of cotyledons.

Which plant group lacks true roots, stems, or leaves?

Bryophytes.

What is the dominant generation in angiosperms?

Sporophyte generation.

What process do plants use to convert sunlight into energy?

Photosynthesis.

What do plants release during photosynthesis?

Oxygen.

What is the importance of the phloem tissue?

Distributes sugars produced by photosynthesis.

How do plants adapt to dry environments?

Developing thicker cuticles.

What structural feature is unique to prokaryotic cells?

Lack of a nucleus.

What is the function of tendrils in some plants?

Support and climbing.

Why are roots crucial for plant survival?

They absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

How do leaves contribute to plant health?

By facilitating photosynthesis.

What is a common characteristic of protostomes?

The mouth forms first during development.

What is an example of bilateral symmetry in animals?

Humans.

In what type of organism is the body divided into segments?

Annelids.

What embryonic layer forms the nervous system?

Ectoderm.

What is the function of the integument in seed plants?

Protects the seed.

How do vascular plants differ from non-vascular plants?

Presence of vascular tissues for transport.

What is one adaptation that helps plants conserve water?

Waxy cuticle.

What type of symmetry is exemplified by sea anemones?

Radial symmetry.

What is the role of the embryonic mesoderm?

Forms muscles and connective tissues.

How does the morphology of plants affect their photosynthesis?

Leaf structure influences light capture.

What type of plant structure supports reproduction in flowering plants?

Flowers.

What do seeds provide for developing plants?

Nourishment and protection.

What is the function of guard cells in plants?

Regulate the opening and closing of stomata.

What process describes the growth and development of plants?

Plant biology.