WGU C458 HEALTH,WELLNESS AND FITNESS (OA) OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT EXAM 2025-2026 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

Nutrition

provides the body with the nutrients it needs to perform its daily tasks

Undernutrition

implies that the individual is not getting enough nutrients. This can occur even if the person is consuming more than enough calories

Malnutrition

an imbalance of proper nutrients

Anorexia nervosa

literally means loss of appetite, but this is a misnomer: A person with this is hungry, but denies the hunger because of an irrational fear of becoming fat. Self-starvation, food preoccupation and rituals, compulsive exercising, and often an absence of menstrual cycles in women.

Untreated, can be fatal.

Bulimia

characterized by recurring periods of binge eating, during which large amounts of food are consumed in a short period of time followed by purging (through self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics) or periods of fasting

Binge eating disorder (BED)

episodes of binge eating characterized by eating rapidly, eating large amounts of food even when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after overeating.

Obesity

15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor dietary patterns; include increased intake of sugars in sweetened soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low nutrient density, and large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.

Minerals

inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and bones), maintain acid-base neutrality, regulate nerve impulses, osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance

Major minerals

needed by the body:

• calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables

• phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat

• potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits

• sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish

• sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese

• chloride—table salt, meat

• magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains

Trace minerals

required in lesser amounts, and include iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, copper, iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum, and manganese

HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins)

protect the body against heart disease. Often called "good" cholesterol.

LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins)

most cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often referred to as the bad cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty deposits forming in the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a heart attack

Lipoproteins

large molecules of fat and protein in the bloodstream; how cholesterol is transported

Antioxidants

slow the aging process. Reduce cellular damage by binding with free radicals produced during oxidation reactions

Oxidation reactions

the energy-yielding reactions in which either an oxygen atom adds an electron to or a hydrogen atom removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or molecule)—the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or complete loss of a negatively charge particle, an electron. Two partially charged atoms or groups of atoms, one positively charged and the other negatively charged, now exist

Free radical (Oxidant)

any atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. Because electrons typically function in pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an effort to regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body, there is potential for a great deal of damage.

Carbohydrates

produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Found in foods as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and rice which consist of simple sugars and starches

Protein

produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources include meats and milk. Composed of 8 essential(provided by the diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized by the body) amino acids. Perform many functions including building cells and tissues, forming blood and enzymes, and fighting infection.

means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological process can take place, without it

Lipids

produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic compounds that do not readily dissolve in water; based on their solubility, they are classified into triglycerides (more commonly known as fats), phospholipids, and sterols

Incomplete protein

proteins that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids

Glycogen

the polysaccharide form in which glucose is stored in the liver

Glucose

simple sugar. The only source of energy that brain cells use to function

Triglycerides (Fats)

Solid at room temperature. Group of chemical compounds that contain fatty acids, often in very long strands. Most concentrated source of energy in the diet. Provides much of the stored energy of the body. Insulate body organs against changes in environmental temperature. Protect the organs and underlying tissues by acting as a shock absorber.

Water

essential component of body structure. Second only to oxygen in importance to body functioning. Acts as a solvent for minerals and other physiologically important compounds. In the body, it transports nutrients to and waste products from the cells and helps regulate body temperature. Comes from fluids and solids in the diet and also is produced by the metabolic processing of energy nutrients within the tissues

Oils

liquid at room temperature.

Vitamins

organic compounds required by every part of the body to maintain health and prevent disease. Classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Do not become part of the body. Only small amounts are needed, but must be provided by the diet because the body is not able to synthesize them in the required quantities for proper nourishment and body function. Foster growth, promote the ability to produce healthy offspring, maintain health, aid in the normal function of the digestive tract and appetite, and help maintain immune system functions.

Fat-soluble vitamins

found in the fatty parts of food and body tissues. Stored in the body until needed, so it is not necessary to consume them every day. Transported by lipids through the body; A, D, E, and K

Vitamin A

important in promoting growth and health of body tissues as well as enhancing the function of the immune system. Enhances vision by helping the retina function properly, permitting us to distinguish between light and shade and to see various colors distinctly. A form of this is used by dermatologists to treat acne and other skin disorders. Overdoses may result in yellowish, dry, scaly skin and dry, irritated eyes

Vitamin D

essential for calcium absorption and thus is needed to prevent and cure rickets(deficiency disease in which bones fail to harden)

Vitamin E

an activator in certain enzyme reactions, and it protects vitamins A and C from being used up too quickly

Vitamin K

essential for the synthesis of prothrombin, a substance needed for normal blood coagulation.

Water-soluble vitamins

associated with the watery parts of food and body tissues. Not stored by the body. Excess amounts are usually excreted in the urine and, therefore, should be provided in the diet on a regular basis. Includes the B vitamins and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

B vitamins

essential to daily human nutrition. Known as the B-complex group, they help body systems combat stress and maintain energy reserves. The B-complex group consists of vitamin B1 (thiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), folic acid, and biotin.

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

necessary for carbohydrate metabolism. Aids in the release of energy from food

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

helps body cells use oxygen, promotes tissue repair, and helps the nervous system function properly

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

essential to growth; without it, thiamin and riboflavin could not function properly in the body

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

necessary for healthy teeth and gums and helps maintain normal body cholesterol. Further, it aids in the production of antibodies

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

works in conjunction with folic acid and iron to build normal blood cells and prevent pernicious anemia

Folic acid

aids in the proper growth and reproduction of blood cells and contributes to healthy skin. Also helps prevent neural tube defects in the fetus during pregnancy

Biotin

necessary for the proper use of fats, carbohydrates, and protein and helps produce antibodies

Vitamin C

vital in preventing scurvy, in the formation and maintenance of collagen (the cementing material that holds cells together), in the normal metabolism of some amino acids, and in the function of the adrenal glands

Inorganic compounds

present in the body in small amounts, but play a vital role in nutrition.

Cholesterol

used to build cell membranes and brain and other nervous tissue. Among other functions, helps the body produce steroid hormones needed for the regulation of blood sugar, salt and water balance, production of bile acids needed for digestion, and reproduction.

Nutrients

the substances in food needed to support life functions. provide energy that the body needs

Saturated fat

has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms attached to every carbon atom. There are only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Mostly found in foods of animal origin such as animal fat, beef, butter, chicken eggs, and whole milk. Raises blood cholesterol more than other forms of fat

Unsaturated fat

has a double bond between two of the carbons and thus lack a pair of the hydrogen atoms. Mostly found in foods of plant origin, including vegetable oils (corn, olive, soybean, peanut, and safflower oils) and some seafoods.

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Only one pair of hydrogen atoms missing. Olive and canola oils

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

More than one pair of hydrogen atoms missing. Omega-3 and omega-6. Vegetable oils, nuts, and high-fat fish

Kilocalorie (or Calorie)

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius

Basal metabolism

the minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain essential body functions (e.g., to maintain a normal body temperature, muscle tone, respiration) when at rest

Monosaccharides

glucose, galactose (found in human breast milk), and fructose, all of which are found in fruits and honey

Disaccharides

sucrose (a combination of glucose and fructose found in table sugar, bananas, green peas, and sweet potatoes), lactose (a combination of glucose and galactose found in milk and milk products), and maltose (a combination of two glucoses used in candy flavor and brewing beer).

Polysaccharides

composed of many monosaccharide molecules and are categorized as: (1) glycogen (which is synthesized in the liver and muscles and serves as a reserve source of blood glucose), (2) cellulose (found in many vegetables but indigestible by humans), and (3) starch (found in plant seeds, cereal grains, and some vegetables)

Trans fatty acids

by-products of partial hydrogenation, a process by which some of the missing hydrogen atoms are put back into polyunsaturated fats during food processing

Lactose intolerance

undigested lactose is not absorbed and remains in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in bloating, a large amount of gas, and abdominal cramping

Dietary fiber

generic term for nondigestible carbohydrates (including cellulose, lignin, and pectin) found in plants; it has important health benefits in childhood, especially in promoting normal laxation (bowel movements). consuming this as part of the diet may help reduce the risk of heart disease, some cancers (such as colon cancer), obesity, hemorrhoids, and diverticular disease

Amino acids

building blocks necessary for performing many body functions

Antibodies

combat infection. Synthesized from proteins in response to infectious agent. destroy or lessen the effects of the invading antigen.

Complementary protein ingestion

dietary strategy that ensures that each food supplies some amino acids that the others lack. For example, corn is deficient in the amino acids isoleucine and lysine, so it is often eaten with beans (which lack the tryptophan and methionine found in corn)

Sodium

salt. Used to preserve, flavor, and stabilize other ingredients when food is being processed; also occurs in smaller amounts in unprocessed food. Plays an essential role in the regulation of fluids and blood pressure

Iron

priority category for nutrition monitoring. Individuals whose diets are deficient in this will experience chronic fatigue, sensitivity to cold, edginess, depression, sleeplessness, susceptibility to colds and infections, and functional impairments in work performance, behavior, and intellectual development. This deficiency occurs most frequently in infants, adolescent females, and females during childbearing years

Drug

any substance that has mind-altering properties or in other ways interacts with and modifies the structure and function of the body.

Drug misuse

includes the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or nonprescribed medicine that results in the impaired physical, mental, emotional, or social well-being of the user. The use of a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended

Drug abuse

generally refers to chronic, excessive use of a drug. May also refer to a person's intent. ex.If a person drinks to excess for the purpose of getting drunk

Route of Administration

Drugs can be taken orally in the form of pills, capsules, or liquids. Injected intravenously (directly into the bloodstream through a vein), intramuscularly (into a muscle), subcutaneously (under the skin), inhaled, or administered topically(external application of the substance to the skin or mucous membranes)

Distribution

Drugs are carried to body parts through the bloodstream

Dosage

the amount of a drug that is administered. Determines the effect of the substance on the body. The larger the amount taken, the greater the probability of several different effects

Threshold dose

the minimum amount required to produce a therapeutic effect

Maximum dose

the dose in which maximum effect is obtained

Effective dose

the dose needed to produce a desired effect

Lethal dose

the amount of drug that will produce death

Therapeutic index

the ratio between the effective dose and the lethal dose. Obtained by dividing the amount of a lethal dose by the amount required for an effective dose. The higher the index, the lower the chance of a given dosage being lethal

Potency

the difference in effective doses between drugs that are used for the same purpose. ex, substance A may require twice the dosage to achieve the same effect as substance B

Time response

the time required for the substance to produce an effect after the body receives it. As a general rule, the more quickly an effect appears, the shorter its effectiveness.

Synergism

the combined action of the drugs is greater than the sum of the effects of any one of the drugs taken alone

Potentiate

increase the effect of another drug

Antagonist

blocks or interferes with the function of another drug when used in combination with it, or it may inhibit a normal biological compound, such as a hormone.

Placebo effect

If one expects a substance will help a problem or produce a particular effect, then the probability of that effect actually occurring increases. The effect may occur even when the substance administered is only an inert substance.

Placebos

substances that produce an apparent cure or perceived health improvement based on the expectations of the user

Tolerance

When some drugs are used frequently, larger dosages are required to maintain the effect

Disposition tolerance

the rate at which the body disposes of a drug. Certain drugs tend to increase the rate of action of enzymes in the liver and, consequently, the deactivating of the drug

Cross-tolerance

tolerance to one substance may lead to tolerance of other drugs that are pharmacologically similar

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

occurs when the nervous tissue or other target tissues adapt to the substance so that the effect of the same concentration of a chemical decreases

Reverse tolerance

users will have the same response to a lower dose of a drug that they had with initial higher doses

Physical dependence

tolerance to a substance that requires increasing amounts of a chemical to maintain normal body functioning

Psychological dependence

a pattern of compulsive drug use characterized by a continued craving for a drug and the need to use the drug for effects other than pain relief. If the person stops taking a drug after a period of time, the person might experience anxiety as a withdrawal symptom.

Over-the-Counter Drugs

medicine that you can buy without a prescription. somewhat effective in relieving the symptoms of the mild illnesses and disorders for which they were developed, as long as they are used according to directions.

Depressants

Drugs that slow down, inhibit, or depress the nervous system

Sedatives

produce relaxation

Tranquilizers

reduce anxiety and act as muscle relaxants. Classified as major and minor. Major- such as Thorazine, are used to treat psychosis. Minor- such as Valium and Librium, are prescribed for stress and anxiety.

Hypnotics

promote sleep

Anesthetics

create a loss of sensation

Alcohol

colorless, flammable liquid formed by the fermentation of fruits, juices, or cereal grains

Proof

a number that is twice the alcohol content

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A child born with this condition may suffer permanent impairment. Characteristics of the condition include low birth weight, smaller head circumference, abnormal formation of the nose, small fingernails, smaller stature, poor joint movement, ear abnormalities, and mental retardation

Alcoholism

when a person is unable to choose whether he or she will drink and is unable to stop drinking

Barbiturates

depressants. Generally known as downers. Often taken as a way of escaping from the problems of daily living.

Narcotics

produced for the most part from opium and its derivatives. act on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. They are excellent painkillers, but they can be highly addictive. Opium, morphine, codeine, heroin

Stimulants

drugs that speed up the nervous system. Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and amount of circulating blood sugar. Constrict the blood vessels and dilate bronchial tubes and the pupils of the eyes

Caffeine

most common stimulant. Contained in coffee, tea, cola drinks, and chocolate. Absorbed quickly into the bloodstream and reaches a peak blood level in about 30-60 minutes. Increases mental alertness and provides a feeling of energy. High doses can overstimulate and cause nervousness and increased heart rate. Can also cause sleeplessness, excitement, and irritability. In some cases, high doses can induce convulsions.