socio exam two

Feminism

a sociological perspective that analyzes power imbalances between genders, viewing society  to benefit men- fight for equal treatment for women's right

Androcentrism

practice of centering society, culture, knowledge, around men and their perspective and their values, often marginalizing women and feminine experiences - case studies towards man not really woman

Patriarchy

a system where men hold primary power and authority and women are excluded from positions of authority and privilege - woman are not leaders in society mostly supporting roles for men

Gender stratification

social ranking of genders that result in the unequal distribution of power, prestige and resources- wage gap, household labour/roles

Gender (social construction)

roles, behaviours, characteristics of a society associates with being male and female are not inherent but create and maintained by cultural and society norms- expectations you act like your gender

Sex (social construction)

biological, parts, chromosomes, but have wide range of private parts- sex is more than your parts and all parts are different

Doing Gender

the theory that gender is a social construct actively performed through everyday social interactions-producing yourself as a girl by wearing dresses, makeup, pink

Dual consciousness

-individuals struggle between their authentic sense of self and the expectations of society - female doctors feels the need to act more manly to be taken seriously

Bifurcated consciousness

the split between a person's lived, embodied experience and the dominant (male) social and cultural framework they must navigate - woman at home she is emotional support where at work she must use logic and compete with male workers

Performativity

there is no self or you, preceding outside of the social construction of a gendered self, unconscious, repeated, inside  -  how one walks as woman/man, talks, thinks

Performance

there is a you that precedes and takes on gender roles-  conscious, presenting, entrain, impress, outside- acting in your gender roles, presenting yourself as a men or woman

Approaches to gender

Structural functionalism

Critical sociology

Interpretive sociology

Social construction of race

Race is not biological but a human made system, race is a modern term, there are different bodies but what we say about them matters, race always changes, it's been used as a social hierarchy, race has impacts on people's everyday lives-

Ontology of variation

everyone is different hair/eyes/skin and is stable across generations, things we can observe, physical features, what is really there- classifying race based on what you can see,

Discourses

how peoples text, words, meaning of race create and maintain social structures, power dynamics, hierarchies, what we say about race matters- meaning/language/symbols you give to race- pack animals, you're good at English

categories of race

social construct- what is means to be white/Asian/black, not inherent-

Phenomenology

study of experience, the differences in how people experience the world based on gender, race- my experience of being in bad relationship makes me more aware of my surroundings

Epistemoloogy

study of knowledge, how we know what we know, how is our knowledge connected to the experiences we have in the world- my knowledge of 1+1 = 2

Otherness

defining certain individual's/groups as different from a dominant norm, based on race, religion, sexual orientation, creates a us vs them- other group is margin- prejudice, exclusion, inequality- feeling threatened by people from outsides one's social group

Double consciousness

the internal conflict and dual perception of being both a person of minority in a majority dominated oppressive society, see the world in your view and the dominant view sees the world- black person living in white world having to be more aware they can get picked on

Phenomenology of otherness

how individuals and groups experience, define, relate to those they see as different- how the other group is encountered, how their experience shapes their self- non white are less than white people and use they superior power to justify unequal treatment towards non white

Racial formation theory

race is a social construct not a fixed biological reality, process of which social, political, economic forces influence how a society defines racial categories- non white people are targeted more because society sees them as always doing crimes

Ethnicity

refers to a shared cultural heritage including language, traditions, religion, ancestry not biological traits

 race

social construct, used to categorize people who shared biological traits that a society thinks is important, observable traits

Structural racism

social structures work together to create and maintain racial inequality, giving an unfair advantages for some groups and disadvantages for others- white people are more wealthy because they had more access, but black people did not have access to schools, good jobs, health care so don’t have the same wealth

Systemic

people act on their beliefs, the world is still working to make power with racial lines - unequal school funding, more white kids in school receive better supplies where non white schools are not given the same opportunities

Institutional

policies/practices/procedures that are embedded in social structures that reflect and produce racial unfairness- law, white- fines, non whites- jail

Implicit bias

unconscious biases that we have about a group- not aware of- cant tell- no racist comments but your brain is wired to think black people are more likely to be armed than white people

Algorithmic bias

systematic and repeatable errors or unfair outcomes produced by technology- Ai software was tested on mostly white people so non whites cant be recognized in pictures and get more interest

Lasting impact of historical inequalities

cycles of past poverty, less access to basic needs, unfairness, unequal treatment to minority groups which causes long term harmful development that could lead to conflict- indigenous peoples

Structural functionalism

views society as a system where different social structures work together to maintain stability and solidarity

Social facts

norms/values/institutions/practices that are external from the individuals but constraining or influences what they do,- saying thank you to people doing nice things for you, you don’t need to say it but you do because it a norm that you should be

Structures

family, religion, government, economy, education, law that influence the individuals - education influences you learning but you influence

Functions

the contribution a social institution, practice, activity makes the stability and maintenance of society- hospitals are there to treat people and make sure they get better

Manifest functions

visible, right there, intended, recognized, predictable outcomes of a social institution- economy is there to- creating jobs, income, trading

Latent functions

unintended, unrecognized, laying under the surface of outcomes of a social institution- economy- maintaining class differences, social roles, personal identity, access

Dysfunctions

where a social structure fails to fulfill it's normal function,  system is not working the way it should- economy crashes- no more jobs, tariffs, less income more taxes, loss of social classes

Solidarity

he force that binds individuals together and creates a social connection within a society- protest people come together, empathy showing you care for others,

stability

the state of being stable- stable car, lake creates water, enough money for bills

Social integration

how social attachments that binds individuals to society through shared beliefs, values, norms- joining clubs, making friends, learnings new things about the world

Mechanical solidarity

type of social connection found in simple, traditional societies where people are bound together by similarities in their work, beliefs, lifestyles- small town

Organic solidarity

type of social connection in modern, complex societies that arises from interdependence,  interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability- nig city

Division of labour

separation of task in society/organization, allowing for specialization, efficiency, interdependence,- host- takes people to seat, waiter takes orders, kitchen staff make the food, boss makes sure things are in order

Interdependence

mutual reliance between individuals/groups/societies where each parties actions and outcome are affected by others-  doctors relies on farmer to make the food, farmer s relies on doctor for medicine, no farmer no food, no doctor no medicine

Anomie

no norms, alienation, disconnection, not   knowing your place, isolated, happens where no solidarity,- moving to new place, don’t know your place, isolate

Collective consciousness

shared beliefs/morals/ideas unite individuals within a society, common to average  members of a society- murder is bad we know that, food is good

Sick role

illness- form a deviance (problem), gives you certain rights ( right to be sick, exempt from responsibilities, not blamed), responsibilities (want to get better, can't just be lazy, must listen to doctors) medical system- a structure for controlling that deviance

Durkheim and crime

Law is an expression of our collective consciousness, produce solidarity/stability, see what is right/wrong crime not all the crime is bad but results of anomie/alienated, reveals the collective consciousness, Punishment varies from solidarity- see problems/function with justice system

Criticisms of structural functionalism

inherently conservative- values how things are and takes things already existing and tweaking it to make it a little better. Privileges solidarity and stability over other values- society values rather than individual values. Uninterested in the unequal power relations that make stability possible. Little attention to individual experiences within structures. Social facts has some problems

Interpretative sociology

understanding the subjective meanings people attach to their actions and their social world- religion sees singing as worship, concerts see singing as entertainment, singers- money

Idealism

ideas matter, beliefs can drive history- ideas of people in power drive change either in positive-free healthcare/ education (I think it's Finland) or negative- ice raids

Interpretation

the action of explaining the meaning of something- religion explains that the worship is good way to show you devotion to god- 

Subjective interpretation

individuals understanding of somethings based on their personal feelings, experiences, biases rather than objective facts- calling the movie wicked good because of the music gave a good impacted but someone could say it is boring

Verstehen

empathetic and subjective approach that involves putting themselves in another's shoes to get their perspective - me putting myself in boyfriends shoes in fighting so I can understand his side and how my actions affect him

Social action

intentional, meaningful human behaviour that takes into account the actions of others-

Types of social actions

Emotional social action

Traditional social action

Value rational action

Goal rational action

Rationalization

the process of finding a logical, yet often false explanation for a behaviour, emotion, beliefs overcomes magical thinking and replaces cold, objective calculations based on technical efficiency, reflexivity - fast foods want to just things done in the cheapest way, most non harmful way and fast way, while reflecting on what they can do better one

Instrumental reason

a concept of rationality focused on the most efficient means to achieve a desired end, without regard for moral or ethical implication of those means- reduce hours and benefits for workers to save money

Disenchantment

loss of beauty, joy, happiness in the world,  shift in modern society from a worldview dominated by magic and religion to one that is rationalized and secularized.- leading to loss of mystery and meaning- alienating and undesirable flip side of scientific progress - forest- magic, myths in there, beautiful, now- just a bunch of different animals and plants, use wood for lumber or remove forest for new property

Iron cage

modern life becomes trapped by rationalization that inhibit individual creativity and freedom- individual is trapped by systems of efficiency that were designed to enhance the well being of humanity-  climb the corporate ladder, getting better in field for more money not the fun, different offices

Ideal types

looking at empirical reality of phenomenon, abstracting from the reality to a working generalization of that phenomenon, using that generalization or ideal type to go back and study a particular case of that phenomenon- how we practice society and what we do, come with ideal types and use to understand what is going on in the world-  trade person- male, conservative, age 18-55, fit- woman, liberal, 60, not fit