APHG ALL UNITS

Scales of Analysis

the study of a phenomena globally, regionally, or locally

Cluster

growing or situated in a group

dispersal

Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin.

field observation

the act of physically visiting a location, place, or region and recording, firsthand, information there

census data

systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population

satellite imagery

Images generated at intervals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Can show visible, infrared, shortwave infrared or water vapor images.

space

The physical gap or interval between two objects

place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Distance Decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

time-space compression

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

Sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

natural resources

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

region

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Critiques of Malthus

Mathematical Form of the Theory Wrong; Failed to foresee the Opening up of New Areas; Population not related to Food Supply but to Total Wealth

Antinatalist Population Policies

Encourage couples to limit the number of children. Discourage growth through the provision of contraception or abortion or the establishment of disincentives. China is famous for one-child policy in 1980's(forced sterilization or infanticide of female babies).

Ravenstein Migration and distancemimo

Most migrants move only a short distance.

Intervening Opportunities

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Creolization

The blending of African, European, and some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique sociocultural systems found in the Caribbean.

delimited boundaries

a line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space

nomadic herding

migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage

Pollution

Release of harmful materials into the environment

Soil Salinization

in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind.

Fair Trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Latin American City Model

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.

Transportation-Oriented Development

land use pattern that includes a mix of commercial, residential, office and entertainment space centered around or located near public transport; dense, walkable, mixed use development near transit that attracts people to connect communities

Urban Sustainability Challenges

waste and pollution, water and energy, traffic congestion, health problems, green spaces, poverty and social security

Suburban Sprawl

unplanned development by many different entities, often as part of urban outgrowth

rostow stage three : takeoff

economy focuses on a limited number of industrial exports
many people still in agriculture, but shifting to industrialization
increase in technical knowledge

High Technology Industries

Companies that support the growth and development of sophisticated technologies. It is a very new industry that has rapidly transformed many cities and countries.

absolute distance

The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.

absolute location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

relative distance

Distance measured in terms such as cost or time which are more meaningful for the space relationship in question

relative location

where a place is located in relation to another place

GIS (geographic information system)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

remote sensing

A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.

formal region

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Perceptual Region (Vernacular)

how people think about or perceive a region (ex. "the middle east")

distribution of population

arrangement of locations on the earth's surface where people live

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

How Population Distribution and Density Affects Political Processes

Redistricting & reapportionment required

How Population Distribution and Density Affects Economic Processes

More jobs are needed; Poverty increases; There is a higher tax base

How Population Distribution and Density Affects Social Processes

More crime is a result; More health/human services are needed; There is greater diversity of language & culture

age structure

Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.

sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Slow growth population pyramid

smaller percentage of population at younger ages, flat at bottom; rectangular in shape

Rapid Growth Population Pyramid

wide base; few older people; large percentage of population entering reproductive years; triangular in shape

negative growth population pyramid

base much smaller than middle; shrinking population; • more expensive to have children, women are more educated and have paying jobs; upside down triangle in shape

rate of natural increase

derived by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate; increases or decreases due to migration are not included

population doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Stage one of the demographic transition model

Low-Growth Stage
Very high CBR, very high CDR, very low NIR
-No nation remains in stage one, but some societies do

stage two of demographic transition model

-sudden burst of population
-industrial revolution
-death rates drop
-NIR very high

Stage five of DTM

Death rates will increase (large number of elderly), but birth rates will decrease (large number of women workers who don't have kids)
Modern Japan is in this stage

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Malthusian Theory

focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

Pronatalist Population Policies

Typically exist in countries where population is declining, and involve providing incentives for women to have children

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

developed a set of "laws of migration" based on European (especially British) and North American census data

Ravenstein Migration by stages

Migration proceeds geographically in a step-by-step fashion. Residents near a growing town may move to it. The gaps they leave behind are filled up by migrants from more remote locations. This goes on until the most remote corners of a country are reached.

Ravenstein Long-distance migration

Long-distance migrants generally move to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.

Ravenstein Stream and counterstream

Each main stream of migration produces a compensating counterstream.

Ravenstein Urban-rural difference

Urban dwellers are less migratory than rural people.

Ravenstein Gender difference.

Women are more migratory than men within the country of their birth, but men more frequently venture beyond their country of birth.

Migrant characteristics.

Most migrants are adults, and families seldom move out of their country of birth.

Migration and urban growth

Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. (Recall that there is a natural increase in a country's population when births exceed deaths.)

Migration direction

The major direction of migration is from agricultural areas to centers of industry and commerce.

Migration motive

Economic factors are the major cause of migration

birth rate

the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

death rate

the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

Political Consequences of an Aging Population

1) a voting majority for the interests of the elderly, 2) a voting majority of females, 3) the domination of the decision power in corporate and similar ruling bodies, and 4) unemployment or a long wait for promotion for younger people

social consequences of an aging population

can affect economic growth, patterns of work and retirement, the way that families function, the ability of governments and communities to provide adequate resources for older adults, and the prevalence of chronic disease and disability

Economic Consequences of an Aging Population

the growth of GDP slows, working-age people pay more to support the elderly, and public budgets strain under the burden of the higher total cost of health and retirement programs for old people.

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Push Factors of Immigration

reasons people emigrate and leave their homes such as economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty

Pull Factors of Immigration

Reasons to migrate to a new area such as Economic Opportunity ($)
Jobs/ workers were needed
Land
Peace and stability
Freedom to make a better life

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

asylum seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

transnational migration

regular movement of a person between two or more countries resulting in a new cultural identity

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Internal Migration

permanent movement within the same country

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Guest Workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

Rural-urban migration

Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.

Political Effects of Migration

increase in tax base; can affect political outcomes
strain on government resources, such as healthcare
and education

Economic Effects of Migration

migrant often fill important jobs that the native population cannot or choose not to do.

cultural effects of migration

cultural diversity, demographic shifts, change in culture (language, religion), discrimination, conflict

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next