Intro to Computer Science- Chapter 1

Computing System

Computer hardware, software and data which interact to solve problems.

Computer Software

collection of programs that provide the instructions for a computer to execute. or carry out.

Data

Without _ , the hardware and software are essentially useless.

Central Processing Unit

the combination of arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit; the brain of the computer that interprets and executes instructions.

Layers of Computing System

CAOs PHI

C

Communications

A

Applications

OS

Operating systems

P

Programming

H

Hardware

I

Information

Information

The innermost layer.

Computer Hardware

Collection of physical elements of a computing system that make up the machine and its related pieces.

Programming

Layer that deals with software, the instructions used to accomplish computations and manage data.

OS

Helps us interact with the computer system, and manage the way hardware devices, programs and data interact. Helps manage the computer's resources. 

Application

Layer that focuses on using the computer to solve specific real-world problems.

Miller's Law

Numerous experiments have shown that a human being can actively manage about seven, pieces of information in short term memory at one time; plus or minus two, depending on the person.

Abstraction

A mental model that removes complex details

Model

An abstraction of a real system; representation of objects within a system, and the rules that govern the behavior of the objects.

Abacus

An early device to record numeric values

Blaise Pascal

A French mathematician in the middle of 17th century, built and sold gear-driven mechanical device to add, subtract, divide and multiply.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

A German mathematician later in the 17th century,built the first mechanical device to do all four number operations but it wasn't very reliable.

Jacquard's loom

by Joseph Jacquard. Used for weaving cloth; used for series of cards with holes punched in them. The first to make use of an important form of input, the punched card

Charles Babbage

British mathematician. His design "Analytical engine" was too complex for him to build with the technology of his day so it was never implemented.

William Burroughs

He produced and sold a mechanical adding machine during late 90s and early 20th century.

Ada Lovelace

Augusta Ada Byron (maiden name). Born on December 10, 1815. Daughter of Lord Byron, an English poet.First computer programmer, The loop
Said the Analytical Engine "weaves algebraic patterns"

Boolean Algebra

one of the basic theorems.

Dr Herman Hollerith

He developed the first electro-mechanical tabulator, which read information from a punched card. His device revolutionized the census taken every 10 years in the U.S. Formed a company known today as IBM.

Harvard Mark1 Eniac Univac 1

Early computers launch new era in mathematics, physics, engineering and economics.

Alan Turing machine

invented an abstract mathematical model Artificial intelligence testing.

Colossus

Considered by many to be the first all-programmable electronic digital computer

1st GS

1951-1959; Machine Language; Assembly Languages & Translators; and Programmer Changes

Harvard Mark 1

The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator was given to Harvard in 1944.

Eniac

Unveiled in 1946

World War II-era computer

Univac 1

First computer used to predict the outcome of a presidential election. Abacus ended with the delivery of this first commercial computer.

Vacuum Tubes

Large, not very reliable, generated a lot of heat

Magnetic Drum

Memory device that rotated under a read/write head.

Card Readers

Magnetic Tape Drives. Sequential auxiliary devices.

Auxiliary Storage Devices

Storage devices external to the computer memory.

2nd GS

1959-1965; High Level Languages

Peripheral Devices

Also being known as input devices, output devices and auxiliary storage devices.

Transistor

Replaced vacuum tube, fast, small, durable, cheap. A device that acts either as a wire or a resistor, depending on the voltage level of an input signal.

Magnetic Cores

Replaced magnetic drums, information available instantly. Tiny doughnut-shape devices, each capable of storing one bit of information.

Magnetic Disk

Auxiliary storage device during the 2nd generation hardware. Replaced magnetic tape, data can be accessed directly.

3rd GS

1965-1971

Systems Software

Separation between user and hardware

Address

Location identifier.

Transistors

now used for memory construction

Integrated Circuits

Replaced circuit boards, smaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable

Terminal

An input/output device with a keyboard and screen

PCs

Commercial Market

Large Scale Integration

Great Advances in chip technology, characterizes the 4th generation hardware

Smart Phones

Everyone has his/her own portable computer

introduced in 1981

IBM PC

Macintosh

Apple introduced a popular microcomputer line in 1984.

Dell, Compaq

Followed IBM PC manufactured by other companies.

Networking

Ethernet connects small computers to share resources.

Parallel Computing

Computers rely on interconnected central processing and/or memory units that increase processing speed.

Internet

Arpanet and LANs19

Assembly Languages and Translators

Programs written using mnemonics, which were translated into machine language.

Assembler

A program that reads each of the program's instructions in mnemonic form and translates it into the machine-language equivalent.

Translators

A software to translate programs written in assembly-language into machine code.

Ethernet

Invented by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs in 1973. The industry standard for local area networks, based on a bus topology.

Machine Language 4gs

Language made up of binary coded instructions that is used directly by the computer; 1s and 0s

Programmer Changes

Programmers divide into two groups: application programmers and system programmers

High Level Languages

Allowed the program to write instructions using English- like statements. Made programming easier; Fortran, COBOL, lisp

FORTRAN

A language designed for numerical applications.

COBOL

A language designed for business applications.

LISP

Another language that was used mainly in artificial intelligence applications and research; was not widely accepted.

Compiler

A translating program

Applications Programmers

people who used the tools to write programs.

Systems Software (3GS)

Utility Programs

Language Translators

Operating system, Which decides which programs to run and when

Process

The dynamic representation of a program during execution.

Separation between Users and Hardware

Computer Programmers write programs to be used by general public

Structured Programming

A logical, disciplined approach to programming in 1970s. Languages Pascal and Modula-2 were built on the principles of this programming.

C++

4th GS 1971-1989

Structured Programming; new application software for users.

C++

A structured language that allows the users access to low-level statements; Became the language choice in the industry.

New App Software for Users

Spreadsheets; word processors; Database management systems

Lotus 1-2-3

It was the first commercially successful spreadsheets that allowed a novice user to enter and analyze all kinds of data.

WordPerfect

One of the first word processors.

dBase IV

Was a system that let a user store, organize and retrieve data.

Java

A language designed by Sun Microsystems for object-oriented programming, began to rival C++.

5th GS; 1990 -present

Microsoft; Object-oriented design; world wide web; New users; 

Microsoft 5gs

Windows operating system and other Microsoft app programs dominate the market

Object- Oriented Design

Based on a hierarchy of data objects; Ex: Java

World Wide Web

Allows easy global communication through the Internet created by Tim Berners-Lee, a British Researcher in 1990.

New Users

Today's user needs no computer knowledge

Algorithmic Thinking / Representation / / Programming / Design

Computing as a discipline. Four Necessary Skills to be efficiently automated.

Where did scientists build the first nanotube computer?

Stanford University

What computer company was launched in a garage?

Apple

 Where is the Computer History Museum?

1401 N Shoreline Blvd, Mountain View, CA 94043.

What companies turned Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak away?

Hewlett Packard and Atari.

a non-profit organization for improving literacy and gender equality in education in the developing world.

Room To Read.

When and where were the first CS Departments formed?

Purdue University in October 1962.

A technique for isolating program pieces by eliminating the ability for one piece to access the information in another

Information Hiding.