MCAT P/S Society and culture, social inequity

Intersectionality

how individuals hold. multiple, interconnected, marginalized social identities that impact their lives, perspectives, and treatment in society.

Racialization

The process by which one group designates another group with a racial identity, often based on shared group qualities like physical attributes, behaviors.

Cultural transmission

passing of cultural information from one generation to the next

Stereotype threat

awareness of the stereotype “women are bad at math” before a math task hinders women’s performance

Organization types

• Utilitarian

• Normative

• Coercive

Utilitarian: members are compensated (money, diploma)

Normative: voluntary, with shared goals

Coercive: not freely chosen (prison)

Looking-glass self

Interpretation of how we are perceived by others impacts our self-concept.

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

• Pre-conventional

• Conventional

• Post-conventional

Pre: morality controlled by outside forces

Conventional: morality defined by existing social norms and values

• individuals want to be good and liked by others and obey laws

Post: based on universal moral principles

Symbolic vs material culture

Cultural transmission vs diffusion

Identity development theory by James Marcia

• based on level of commitment and degree of exploration

Types of social mobility

• social mobility: movement of indviduals, groups, or families between or within status categories in society.

Major theological approaches of sociology

• functionalism

• conflict

• social constructionism

• symbolic interactionism

• rational choice/social exchange

• feminist

Stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination

Stereotype: based on cognition

• overly simplified, generalized characterization of a particular group

Discrimination: action, negative treatment of individuals based on prejudice or stereotypes.

Prejudice: emotion. negative beliefs and feelings towards a group

Social Stratification is the hierarchical organization of individuals in society based on social class, social status, and power

Anxiety disorders