AP world history unit 8 vocab

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Cold War

a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular.

Hydrogen Bomb

A bomb that was more powerful than an atomic bomb

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Satellite Countries

Countries bordering USSR that Soviets made Communist to have "friendly ring of countries". small states that are economically or politically dependent on a larger, more powerful state. Moreover, the governments of these countries were just as dictatorial as the Soviet government

World Revolution

a belief that organized workers would overthrow capitalism in all countries

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world and not letting communism spread farther.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

The Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952). It was enacted in June 1947, was designed to offer $12 billion in aid to all nations of Europe, including Germany.

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

The Soviet Union's response to the Marshall Plan, whereby the Soviet Union offered economic aid packages for Eastern European countries.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, called Sputnik, into orbit around Earth, inaugurating what become known as the Space Race. The United States launched its first satellite in January 1958. The two nations competed to become the first with a manned satellite orbiting Earth and, later, the first to land a human on the moon.

Mutually Assured Destruction

(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

Non-Aligned Movement

The group of nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Kwame Nkrumah

founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

Sukarno

Leader of Indonesian independence movement; first president of Indonesia

Proxy Wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. Examples are Korea and Vietnam

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West. Between 1961 and 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell, soldiers killed about 150 people as they tried to escape over it.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security. The treaty pledged mutual support and cooperation within the alliance against conflicts and wars. Its original members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States. Membership in this Brussels-based organization expanded considerably in the decades after its founding.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Communist Bloc

The group of Eastern European nations that fell under the control of the Soviet Union following World War II. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union were the original members.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Central Treaty Organization

Pact between Western nations that wanted to fight communism in the middle east. It was an anti-Soviet treaty organization formed by Great Britain, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Turkey to prevent the spread of Communism in the Middle East. The United States was not a full member, but it joined CENTO'S military committee.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. The Soviet Union could have vetoed the resolution, but its representative was absent during the vote because the Soviet Union was boycotting all Security Council meetings in protest over a disagreement about China's seat on the Security Council.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II. UN military forces supporting the South Koreans came from 16 member countries, but the United States provided the largest number and the overall commander, General Douglas MacArthur.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and Medicaid. Also believed in the Domino Theory.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

The Bay of Pigs Crisis

March 1960, CIA was given permission to secretly train Cuban exiles to invade Cuba, aim was to create an uprising against Castro and his government, mission failed

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Hot Line

direct telephone line between the White House and the Kremlin set up after the Cuban missile crisis

Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Angola

The Portuguese colony of Angola in southwest Africa won its independence in 1975, after 14 years of armed struggle. Like the Vietnamese, the Angolans had to fight a war to end their colonial status.

Contra War

The contras is a label given to the various U.S.-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to the early 1990s in opposition to the left-wing, socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua

Antinuclear Weapons Movement

consists of more than 80 anti-nuclear groups that oppose nuclear power, nuclear weapons, and/or uranium mining. One of the first such movements developed in Japan in 1954 in opposition to U.S. testing of nuclear weapons in the Pacific Ocean. In 1955, more than one-third of Japan's population signed a petition against nuclear weapons. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the antinuclear weapons movement expanded to other countries, particularly to the United States and Western Europe.

Land Reform

the process of breaking up large landholdings to attain a more balanced land distribution among farmers. It was was a vital issue in China, Iran, Vietnam, Ethiopia, India, and a number of Latin American countries, including Mexico, Bolivia, and Venezuela.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. won popular support because they redistributed land to peasants, opened schools and hospitals, and punished soldiers who mistreated civilians. Peasants saw the Communists as more nationalist and less corrupt than the Nationalists. In 1949, the Communists defeated the Nationalists and set up the People's Republic of China. Mao ordered the nationalization of Chinese industries and created five-year plans based on the Soviet model. Like the Soviets, the Chinese plans emphasized heavy industry instead of consumer goods.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Communes

Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Red Guards

the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi

(1919-1980), Dictator ruler of Iran from 1941 to 1979. He was supported by the United States throughout most of the Cold War due to his anti communist stance. Overthrown during the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

Mohammad Mosaddegh

was the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953 when he was overthrown in a coup d'état backed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency

White Revolution

The term used by the shah to describe reforms in Iran between the end of World War II and the downfall of his regime in 1979

The Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Venezula Land Reforms

The land reform, begun with a 2001 law, was not popular with the landowners who claimed that the state seized their property while it was under cultivation. Additional problems arose from illegal squatters who moved in to settle on lands that were not scheduled for land reform.

Guatamala

A democratically elected government under Jacob Arbenz in the Central American country of Guatemala began efforts at land reform. Feeling threatened, the United Fruit Company lobbied the U.S. government to remove the Arbenz. In 1954, he was overthrown.

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Mengistu Haile Mariam

Ethiopian soldier and politician who was the leader of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991. e ordered the assassination of 60 former regime officials. The new government declared itself socialist and received aid and weapons from the Soviet Union and other communist countries. Famine, failed economic policies, and rebellion marred Mengistu's leadership. By 1991, he had resigned and fled to Zimbabwe.

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

One-party state

a political system in which one party controls the government and actively seeks to prevent other parties from contesting for power

Organization of African Unity

An establishment founded after the Pan-African meeting in 1963 aimed to create a sense of unity among Africans.

Algerian War for Independence

Began in 1954 with Algerians campaigning for independence from France.

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Algerian Civil War

This war lasted for 8 years, and cost 1 million lives. It was a war for its independence while the islamic rebels were trying to take control

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Viet Cong

A Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Biafran Civil War

1967-1970; a movement by the Igbo to fight for their independence from the new country of Nigeria; created more violence and ethnic-based conflict

Quiet Revolution

A period of intense social, political, and economic change in Quebec. During this period, which lasted from about 1960 to 1966, Quebecois began to assert their rights and affirm and promote their language and culture.

Zionist Movement

a nationalist movement among the Jews to establish a home land in Palestine

Six-Day war

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.

Yom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur)

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Palestinian Liberation Organization

political party and organization that fought for Palestinian rights

Fatah and Hamas

- split the Palestinian authority between Fatah and Hamas

-Fatah: party of Arafat and his successors

-Hamas: radical Islamist group funded by Iran and rejected Israel's right to exist

Khmer Rouge

communist party in Cambodia that imposed a reign of terror on Cambodian citizens

Kashmir Conflict

Ongoing conflict for territorial control; between Pakistan & India; Origins of British imperialism

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, commonly known as Sirimavo Bandaranaike, was a Sri Lankan stateswoman and politician and the modern world's first female head of government

Indira Ghandi

Prime minister of India who supported the Green Revolution. High inflation and growing poverty threatened her rule. She declared a national emergency in 1975 and jailed many opposition leaders. Her 20-point economic program proved successful, alleviating inflation, reforming corrupt laws, and increasing national production. But some of her policies were unpopular with the people of India despite the economic gains.

Benazir Bhutto

Bhutto's daughter who served as Prime Minister until 1996; assassinated in 2007

Julius Nyerere

The first president of Tanzania. He stated only hard work will end poverty. He tried to help the economy in Tanzania

Metropole

the dominant part of an empire, distinguished from the subordinate colonies, which is normally the state that initiated colonization

Mohandas Ghandi

1869-1948. Major spiritual and political leader of India and the Indian Peace Movement. Known as "Father of The Nation" in India for his defiance of British government and success in civil rights movement. Lead famous Dandi Salt March in opposition of British Salt Tax.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Wladyslaw Gomulka

Communist leader who attempted to make Poland less dependent on the Soviet Union. He decided to pursue an independent domestic policy in Poland but continued to be loyal to the Soviet Union, allowing the continued presence of Soviet troops in Poland. The Soviet-established forced collectivization of farms ended at this time

Imre Nagy

Hungarian Communist Party leader who attempted to end association with the USSR which lead to the 1956 Hungarian revolt.

Prague Spring

The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Alexander Dubcek

Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; assures loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Kent State University

An Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four

Irish Republican Army

An unofficial nationalist military force seeking independence for Ireland from Great Britain

Ulster Defense Association

is the largest Ulster loyalist paramilitary and vigilante group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in September 1971 and undertook a campaign of almost twenty-four years during the Troubles.

Basque Homeland and Freedom

a terrorist organization organized in 1959 by student activists who were dissatisfied with the moderate nationalism of the traditional Basque party

Abimael Guzman

Known as "Presidente Gonzalo." Founder of the Shining Path. Was a philosophy professor who spread his ideas to his students. Believed in popular justice and rejected human rights.

Al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

9/11

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).