Unit 5 AP World History Study Guide

Enlightenment

a movement that applied new ways of understanding such as rationalism, and experiment approaches to both the natural world and human relationships

The Enlightenment Ideals

I. Rationalism: reason, rather than any emotion or any external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge

II. Empiricism: The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation

The Scientific Revolution

An era where scientists tossed biblical and religious authority out the window and used the rigorous source of reason to discover how the world really worked.

The Scientific Revolution started the rejection of ____________

Christianity and created new belief systems

Deism

exceedingly popular among Enlightenment thinkers. believing a "Great Designer" (God) made the universe and set it running with natural laws, like a clockmaker, but doesn't interfere with people's lives or answer prayers; it uses reason and nature, not holy books or miracles, to understand God

Atheism

A complete rejection of religious belief and any notion of divine beings

New Enlightenment Ideas

I. Individualism: The most basic element of society was the human and not collective groups

II. Natural Rights: individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by government or other entity

III. Social Contract: human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct governments of their own will to protect their natural rights

John Locke developed the natural rights of ________________

life, liberty, and property

Enlightenment effects

I. Major revolutions: including the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions

II. Expansion of Suffrage: suffrage means right to vote

III. Abolition of Slavery

IV. End of Serfdom

V. Calls for Women’s Suffrage

The Enlightenment’s emphasis on the ________________ of established traditions and ________ ideas about how _______ power ought to work played a significant role in each of these great upheavals

rejection; new; political

Nationalism

a sense of commonality among a people based on a shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory

Great Jamaican Revolt

a large and important uprising where enslaved people in Jamaica fought for their freedom in 1831 and 1832. Even though the rebels didn't win the fight itself, the revolt made the British government realize that keeping slavery was too dangerous and difficult

Due to the shift from Agricultural economy to Industrial economy during the industrial revolution,____________

peasants became more and more unnecessary. This eventually caused peasants to revolt in order to abolish coerced labor.

Olympe De Gouges

a brave French writer and activist who fought for fairness for everyone, especially women and Black people, during the French Revolution. She wrote plays and famous documents, like the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman," asking why women couldn't have the same rights as men, demanding equal pay and fair laws.

Causes of Revolution

I. Nationalism: Nationalism made people want their own countries because they shared language, culture, or history, leading them to rebel against big empires (like Austria or Spain) to form their own nations (like Italy or Germany) or gain freedom (like the Philippines), creating revolutions for self-rule and unity

II. Political Dissent: Political dissent leads to revolutions when people believe their government is unfair and unresponsive to their needs, pushing them to demand major changes

III. New ways of thinking: The development of new ideologies and systems of government

Enlightenment Thinkers developed new ideologies of how the government should be structured:

I. Popular Sovereignty: the power to govern was in the hands of the people

II. Democracy: people have the right to vote and influence the policies of the government

lll. Liberalism: An economic and political ideology that emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property, and economic freedom

The Atlantic Revolutions

I. American Revolution: Began in 1776, a big fight (1775-1783) where the 13 American colonies broke away from Great Britain to become their own country, the United States.

II. French Revolution: Began in 1789, a time when French people overthrew their king, King Louis XVI, because they were poor and tired of unfair rules, while the rich lived lavishly

III. Haitian Revolution: Began in 1791, a super important fight where enslaved people in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) successfully rebelled, ended slavery, and created the first free black republic, Haiti, making it the second independent country in the Americas after the United States. Led by figures like Toussaint Louverture

IV. Latin American Revolutions: big fights for freedom from Spain in the early 1800s, led by people like Simón Bolívar, who wanted independence for South America. A system called Peninsulares (Spanish-born rulers) and Creoles (American-born whites) created unfairness, with Creoles wanting power. Inspired by American and French ideas, these revolutions used powerful leaders and armies to break free, creating new countries like Gran Colombia

Seven Years War

a huge fight between Britain and France over who got the best colonies and trade, especially in North America (called the French and Indian War there) and India (Before the American Revolution)

The victory of the American Revolution was important because ______________

it provided the template for other nations throughout the world for a successful overthrow of oppressive power and the establishment of a republican style government

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

a French paper from 1789 saying everyone is born free and equal, with rights to liberty, property, safety,(natural rights) and fighting unfair rules, making the government serve the people,(popular sovereignty) not the other way around, protecting free speech and religion, and ensuring fair laws for all, even though it first only really applied to rich men

Letter of Jamaica

The Letter from Jamaica is a famous document written by Simón Bolívar in 1815, outlining his vision for an independent and united Latin America after breaking free from Spanish colonial rule. Written during his exile, it served as a political manifesto and a plea for help from the British government

Propaganda Movement in the Philippines

a peaceful campaign by educated Filipinos (including Creoles/Insulares and Mestizos) like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, who used writing (like the newspaper La Solidaridad) and speeches to ask Spain for fair treatment, equal rights, and representation in government, aiming to be treated as Spaniards, not as second-class citizens

The Unification of Italy and Germany

Think of Italy and Germany as puzzle pieces! Before the 1800s, they were many small, separate kingdoms and states, but people shared the same language, culture, and history, creating a strong feeling (nationalism) that they should be one big country, leading to exciting (and sometimes messy!) unification movements led by smart leaders like Bismarck (Germany) and Cavour/Garibaldi (Italy) who used diplomacy, popular movements, and wars to join everyone together into powerful nations by the 1870s

Industrial Revolution

The process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian eco-monies to industrial economies

The industrial revolution fundamentally changed the world’s balance of ____________, ________________, and made ___________________

political power; reordered societies; industrial nations rich.

Why Great Britain Came First

• their location because they were in the proximity of waterways, which means they had an abundance of rivers and canals for efficient and rapid transportation.

• They also had geographical distribution of coal and iron that helped the rise of industrialization.

• They also had abundant access to foreign resources.

• Rapid urbanization. (Rural to Urban Migration)

• Legal protection of private property (Entrepreneurship)

• Accumulation of Capital (wealth gain from the Atlantic Slave Trade)

Coal power ___________ efficiency in the production of ____________

increased; iron

North America provided ________ and India provided ___________

timber; cotton

Prior to industrial revolution, many places in Europe, especially Britain, experienced an _____________ in which the amount of food grown on farms increased significantly

agricultural revolution

Agricultural Revolution

I. Crop Rotation: a smart farming trick where farmers changed the type of crop grown in a field each season (like wheat, then turnips, then clover) instead of planting the same thing, which kept the soil healthy

II. Seed Drill: planted seeds in neat rows at the right depth and distance, instead of farmers throwing them randomly. This machine saved seeds, helped more plants grow strong by giving them space, and made farming much faster and more productive

The _________ was introduced to Europe from the _________ and this highly caloric food diversified their diets, especially among the poor community in rural areas, and that made them healthier and increased their life expectancy.

potato; the Americas

Rural to Urban Migration in Great Britain

when people moved from the countryside (farms) to cities, mostly during the Industrial Revolution (around 1780s onwards) to find factory jobs, leading to huge, crowded, and sometimes dirty cities with new opportunities but also tough conditions for workers

Legal protection of private property

strong laws protected business owners' property (like factories, machines, and inventions), making them feel safe to invest big money, build new factories, and take risks

The factory system

a big change where machines, powered by water or steam, took work out of homes and put it into big buildings called factories. Caused people to stop doing everything for themselves and started focusing on one job, like making just shoes or just cloth, especially during the Industrial Revolution

The impact of steam powered engines in the Industrial Revolutions

• No more water power! Before steam, factories needed to be by rivers. Steam engines let factories pop up anywhere, leading to huge city growth.

• Made stuff faster: They powered big machines like looms, making tons of cloth and other goods way quicker than people could by hand, changing homes into big factories

• Trains & Ships: Steam engines powered the first trains (locomotives) and steamboats, making it possible to move people and goods across lands and oceans much faster than ever before.

• New Trade Routes: This speed opened up new ways to trade and connect faraway places. 

Slow Adopters

• typically in eastern and southern Europe

• lacked abundant coal deposits

• landlocked w/ no easy access to waterways

• Hindered by historically powerful groups (nobles who didn't want their power challenged)

Industrialization Nations

It started off with Great Britain and then France, and then eventually the United States (it continued on)

Countries in the ________ and ____________ who had previously been manufacturing powerhouses of the world started to see their share of production for the world decline

Middle East; Asia

Example of Middle East and Asia decline of manfacturing

• Textile Production: India and had a massive and high-quality handmade textile industry, with products highly sought after globally, Later, inexpensive, mass-produced factory textiles from Britain flooded the Indian market, making local handmade goods unable to compete

• Shipbuilding: Countries in Southeast Asia, including parts of India, had a strong tradition of building sturdy, large wooden ships for trade and travel across the seas. Europeans started building ships with stronger, cheaper iron and steel, powered by fast steam engines. The British Royal Navy took control of the seas and their policies discouraged local shipbuilding in their colonies

Industrialization introduction in France

• They had a slower adoption of industrialization because France lacked coal and iron deposits

• Napoleon's Canal Saint-Quentin helped France industrialize by creating a "superhighway" for barges, linking Paris to coal and iron mines in the north and connecting to the English Channel, making it super easy to move heavy stuff like coal and iron for factories, which sped up business and manufacturing

Key note about Great Britain and France industrialization comparison

Imagine Britain as a super-fast roller coaster, changing really quickly with big, bumpy, exciting (and sometimes scary) moments as it got machines and factories. France was more like a gentle train ride; it took its time getting going, so it didn't have those crazy, sudden changes, meaning fewer big upsets and more steady, manageable growth, even though it started later. 

The spread of industrialization in the United States

• The US was able to industrialize really fast and became a major player on the global economic stage

• The country had a massive territory which gave an abundant access to natural resources

• It also had relatively political stability after the civil war

• Rapid population growth through national production and migration

The spread of industrialization in Russia

• Russian industrialization was when Russia built lots of factories, railroads (like the Trans-Siberian Railway which expanded trade with eastern states like China and created a interdependent market), and cities to catch up with other countries, led by leaders like Czar Nicholas II

Key note about Russia Industrialization

• Russia's big push to industrialize, led from the top down (by the government), made them strong like other big countries, but it was terrible for workers, who faced extremely long hours, low pay, dangerous factories, and no rights, making life very hard and leading to big problems and protests

US vs. Russia

United States: In the U.S., industrial growth was mostly driven by ordinary people who saw chances to make a better life for themselves through new jobs and businesses

In Russia, industrialization was a top-down project led by the government, specifically the Tsars and later the Soviet leaders [1]. The state wanted to catch up to the powerful countries in Western Europe, so the government planned and forced the country to build factories and railroads quickly

Japan’s role in industrialization

• Japan saw China getting knocked around by increasing western powers who became more industrialization, they decided to start the Meji Restoration

The Meji Restoration

• Japan decided to stop being isolated and rapidly modernize to become strong like Western countries, ending the rule of the Shogun (military leader) and putting the young Emperor Meiji in charge. They built factories, schools, and a modern army, adopted Western clothes and ideas, and turned Japan from a feudal country into a powerful, modern nation with a strong economy and military by the early 1900s

First Industrial Revolution

Occurred in Great Britain (1750-1830)

Second Industrial revolution

Occurred in Europe, US, Russia, and Japan (1870-1914)

Industrial Power

I. Coal

-The main engine of the first industrial revolution was the steam engine

-The Steam engine was developed by James Watt

II. Oil

-The internal combustion engine was developed to harness the energy of gasoline (smaller and more efficient than the steam engine, able to power a new form of transportation which is the Automobile)

Suez Canal

a super-shortcut for ships, connecting Europe and Asia by linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, saving them from going all the way around Africa, which cut travel time and made trade way faster and cheaper

Second Industrial Revolution technologies

I. Steel

-The Bessemer Process combined iron with carbon and blasted hot air into it. The steel that emerged from this process was far stronger and versatile than iron alone.

II. Chemical Engineering

-Synthetic dyes were developed for textiles

-Vulcanization was a process developed to make rubber harder and more durable (made things like tires and belts)

III. The rise of electricity

-Electric streetcars and subways were developed to provide mass transit in major cities they were becoming large and complex

-Telegraph: Developed by Samuel Morse and sended communication across wires to distant places with the use of short and electrical signals (It helped Great Britain to communicate with the US!)

Effects of New Technology

I. Development of Interior Regions:

Steam Engine & Railroads (Trains)

Could move huge amounts of heavy things (coal, iron, factory goods) very quickly and cheaply.

Factories and towns could now be built far away from the coast or major rivers. The interior was connected to the rest of the country. * Small inland villages grew into big industrial cities.

II. Increase in Trade and Migration: Global trade multiplied by a factor of Ten between 1850 and 1913. As a result, states across the world were becoming more closely interlinked into a global economy.

Key note about Western Europe and the United States

Industrialization transformed the economies of places like Western Europe and the United States from farming-based societies into factory-based ones. This change allowed them to produce many more goods and become much wealthier and more powerful than other parts of the world. Essentially, they went from being average global players to being the world's most influential and dominant nations. 

The Ottoman Empire was ____________ and ________________ due to internal corruption and conflicts and therefore had little energy or wealth to ___________ in industrialization

struggling and declining; invest

Tanzimat Reforms (Egypt)

I. Industrial Projects

-Textile and weapons factories built

II. Agriculture

-Government purchased crops to be sold on world market

III. Tariffs

-Taxes on imported goods in order to protect the development of Egyptian economy

British Vs. Egypt

WHO WANTED IT?	WHAT THEY WANTED	WHY?	RESULT
Egypt (Muhammad Ali)	High Tariffs on imports.	To protect new Egyptian factories and make Egypt strong.	Britain used its power to force Egypt to remove the tariffs.
Britain	Low/No Tariffs (Free Trade).	To sell their cheap factory goods in Egypt and stop Egypt from becoming a competitor.	Egyptian factories failed, and Egypt became more dependent on Britain.

Japan Industrialization

I. Western Powers

-Western powers dominated other Asian states like China

II. Matthew Perry

-US. Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan with a fleet of steam powered ships stacked with weapons

Key notes about Japan

They saw Western industrial power as a weapon, and they decided the only way to defend themselves was to get that weapon—the modern factory—and master it even faster than everyone else.

Meji Restoration

I. Culture

-Japan decided to learn about their (western powers) technology, Culture, education systems, and political arrangements and implement it in their own state

II. Government

-Japan established a constitution that provided for an elected parliament, which they borrowed from Germany

III. Infrastructure

-The state funded building of railroads, the establishment of a national banking systems and development of industrial factories

Mercantilism

State-driven system and played a massive role in European exploration and imperialism. However, due to industrialization, mercantilism eventually became abandoned because of the Free Market System

Free Market Economy

Better fit for industrialization and market-driven

Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

A system of articles that criticizes mercantilism stating that it is coercive and only benefits the elite

Laissez Faire Economic Policies

prevented the government from controlling the economy and let people make their own economic decisions

The Invisible Hand

The Invisible Hand is a way of saying that when people are allowed to make choices based on what is best for themselves (like a baker wanting to make a profit), they often end up making the community better off without even trying to do so.

Free Market Critics

I. Jeremy Bentham

-argued the cure for the suffering of the working class and society was not free market economies but government legislation

II. Friedrich List

-rejected global free market principles as a trick

-His work led to the development of the Zollverein, and it was like getting rid of all the internal taxes and trade barriers between the separate German states. It made them work as one big team, which was a huge step toward becoming one united country later on

Transnational Coporations

a company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries

Ex. Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: created because international trade between Europe and Asia was getting too big and fast for the old banking system to handle. It was built to make international trade easier, safer, and quicker.

Unilever Corporation: a joint company established by the British and the Dutch that manufactured household goods, most know for soap

New financial practices

I. Stock Markets: to help big companies collect massive amounts of money for huge projects, and to give the people who invested that money an easy way to sell their share whenever they needed to.

II.Limited Liability Corporation was established to give business owners the safety and courage to start big, risky, and expensive new businesses, because they knew that if the business failed, they wouldn't lose everything they owned personally.

The rise of industrialization caused new ______________

social classes

New social classes

I. Industrial Working Class

-Made up of factory workers and miners

II. Middle Class

-Benefited the most from industrialization, includes white collar workers such as wealthy factory owners and managers, lawyers, doctors, and teachers

-Could afforded manufactured products that improved their quality of life and some in the upper middle class could buy their way into aristocracy

III. Industrialists

-At the top of the social hierarchy, the wealth they gained by owning industrial corporations allowed them to become more powerful than the traditional landed aristocracy

Benefits for the industrial working class

-Their wages were higher than in many of the rural places they came from

Costs for the industrial working class

-Danger of factory work and mining

-Crowded living conditions in shoddy tenements

-Spread of disease

-Mind-numbing repetitive work fell on them

Women and Industrialization

I. Working Class Women

-Worked wage-earning jobs in factories since their husbands’ wages were not sufficient to sustain a family

II. Middle Class Women

-Husbands earned enough money to support the family, in general they did not work and were defined by their domestic roles

Industrial problems

I. Pollution

II. Housing shortages

III. Spread of diseases and an increase in crime