a&p test 1 study guide

anatomy definition

“a cutting open” the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts

physiology definition

the study of how living organisms function

anterior/ventral

front surface of the body

posterior/dorsal

back surface of the body

cranial/cephalic

the head

superior

above, at a higher level (towards the head)

caudal

the tail (coccyx in humans)

inferior

below, at a lower level

medial

toward body’s longitudinal axis, the midsagittal plane (stomach area)

lateral

away from longitudinal axis, the midsagittal plane (stomach area)

proximal

toward an attached base

distal

away from an attached base

superficial

at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

deep

farther from the body’s surface

sectional planes of the body (5 of them)

transverse/horizontal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal/coronal

transverse/horizontal plane

separates superior and inferior portions of the body. cutting body at the hip, parallel to the ground, in half.

sagittal plane

separates right and left portions of the body.

midsagittal plane

passes right through the midline. perfectly divides the body in half.

parasagittal plane

separates body into unequal right and left parts

frontal/coronal plane

separates anterior and posterior portions of the body.

order of body’s interdependent levels of organization (small to large)

chemical/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

the 11 organ systems (MURDERS LINC)

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

integumentary system

protects body from environmental hazards, controls body temp

skeletal system

supports and protects soft tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells

muscular system

moves and supports the body, produces heat

nervous system

direct immediate responses to stimuli by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

endocrine system

direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

cardiovascular system

transports cells and dissolved minerals internally

lymphatic system

defends against infection and disease

respiratory system

delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and circulating blood

digestive system

processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

urinary system

eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products. controls pH.

reproductive system

produces sex cells and hormones

quadrants of the abdomen

left upper, left lower, right lower, right upper

homeostasis

the presence of a stable environment. “similar/same, state of equilibrium”

adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis in environments that are often inconsistent, unpredictable, and dangerous

homeostasis regulation

the three parts of homeostasis

receptor, control center, effector

sensor that is sensitive to particular environmental changes

receptor

integration center that recieves and processes information supplied by the receptor

control center

responds to commands by opposing the stimulus (ex: sweating to cool off)

effector

how is an HVAC system an example of homeostasis?

thermometer is the receptor: it senses when the house temp is too high

thermostat is the control center: it turns the AC unit on

the AC is the effector: it cools the house down

effectors and receptors in the human body

effectors: cause muscles or glands to function

receptors: receive and monitor body’s data (pain, touch, temp)

negative feedback loop

the main method for maintaining homeostasis. stimulus is opposed (sweating) “lets counteract”

positive feedback loop

method of homeostasis where initial stimulus is enhanced (lactation) “more, more, more”

the nine abdominal regions

left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac, hypogastric, right iliac, right lumbar, right hypochondriac, umbilical, epigastric

parts of the cell

nucleus, nucleolus, rough ER, smooth ER, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria

the control center, contains DNA

nucleus

synthesizes ribosomal RNA, found in the liver, nerve, and muscle cells

nucleolus

creates and ships protein

rough ER

synthesizes phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroids. detoxes the cell.

smooth ER

protein synthesis, are stationary or free in the cytoplasm

ribosomes

renews plasma/cell membrane, packages hormones and enzymes for secretion (termed “the post office”)

golgi apparatus

contains digestive enzymes for breaking down old proteins

lysosomes

makes ATP for energy storage (95% needed to keep cell alive), contains DNA different from the nucleus, # varies from cell to cell due to energy demands, anerobic metabolism/respiration

mitochondria