carbohydrates and lipids

The formula for carbohydrates

Cn(H2O)n

Function of monosaccharide ( 3)

Solubility: glucose is polar and hydrophilic, easily be transported around

Stability: strong covalent bonds, very stable

Function: release energy when oxidized during cellular respiration

What is another name for catabolic and anabolic reaction?

Hydrolysis ( catabolic)

Condensation ( anabolic)

Functions of polysaccharides

In starch composed of 2 types

• amylose: UNRBANCHED CHAINS, linked by a alpha 1-4 glycoside bonds —> formed a curved helix

• Amylopectin: bBANCHED CHAINS, linked by a alpha 1-6 glycoside bonds —> formed a straight chain

Functions of polysaccharides as energy storage in plant cells

In starch composed of 2 types

• amylose: UNRBANCHED CHAINS, linked by a ALPHA 1-4 glycoside bonds —> formed a curved helix

• Amylopectin: bBANCHED CHAINS, linked by a alpha 1-6 glycoside bonds —> formed a straight chain

CELLULOSE

• linking together BETA `1-4 glycoside bonds between glucose molecules

Energy storage in animal cells

—> glycogen

In animal cells Glycogen, similar to amylopectin:

• Branched chains with α 1-6 glycosidic bonds form straight chain.

Location of glycoproteins in the cell ( Glycopropteisn - protein attached ớt carbohydrates )

• extra cellular matrix

• Cell membranes

• Secrets proteins

Glycoproteins play important roles in cell signalling and

communication:

1. Cell–cell recognition: act as markets n the surface of the cell

2. Receptors: receive goals form cells/ molecules in the environment

3. Ligands: receptors on other cells to initiate signalling pathways.

4. Structural support

Degree of u saturation of FA

More double bonds —> lower melting points as they disrupt the regular packing —> easier to break

Cis and Trans : desirable the arraignment of atoms around the double bonds

Cis = occur naturally

Trans : made industrials

Phospholipid bilayer

AMPHIPATHIC (BOTH HYDROPHBOIC AND HYDROPHILIC)

1 phosphate head ( negatively charged —> hydrophilic)

2 FA tails ( hydrophobic - non-polar)

Cholesterol

At low temp: prevents phospholipid belayer from freezing by maintaining fluidity

At high temp: make membrane less fluids + more impermeable