Studied by 15 people
20
Cultural geography emerged as a sub-discipline of geography in the early ___th century
environmental determinism #1
Cultural geography challenged the notion of ______________________________
environmental determinism #2
Argues that people and societies are controlled by the environment in which they develop
Sauer
Cultural Geography was popularized by Carl O. ______
cultural landscape
Landscapes that have cultural significance
Reflect the culture of the people who have lived there
Landscape(the environment) + culture(humans) = cultural landscape
Clearly defined landscapes
One of the three types of cultural landscapes according to UNESCO:
Crafted and created intentionally by humans
Organically evolved landscapes
One of the three types of cultural landscapes according to UNESCO:
Have evidence of human interaction with the land, but the land has changed and developed over time
Associative Cultural Landscape
One of the three types of cultural landscapes according to UNESCO:
Valued because of the artistic, cultural, or religious associations of the natural element
Culture
A set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values which are learned, expressed, and shared among members of a social group
Passed down from generation to generation
E.g language, food, clothing
Two forms (DIFFER BY WAY OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION):
Folk
Popular
Folk Culture
Traditionally practiced primarily by small homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas
Occupies a SMALL spatial scale
MORE LIKELY TO VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE AT A GIVEN TIME
popular culture
found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
Occupies a LARGE spatial space
MORE LIKELY TO VARY FROM TIME TO TIME AT A GIVEN PLACE
Globalization
As a result of ___________, popular culture is becoming more dominant
Threatens the survival of folk cultures - which reduces local diversity
environment
The dominance of popular culture can also threaten the quality of the _________
Folk culture is derived from local natural elements, and is consequentially more sensitive to protecting this compared to pop culture
popular culture, western
The loss of folk culture can occur in 2 ways
when people turn from folk to _________________ they may also turn away from their society's traditional values
The diffusion of popular culture from more developed countries can lead to the dominance of ___________ perspectives
economically
Popular culture is most often a product of more _____________ developed countries
Often for sales
folk
Diffusion of _______ culture:
Diffuses from one location to another more slowly on a smaller scale
Diffuses through migration rather than information and communication tech
popular
Diffusion of _______ culture:
Diffuses rapidly and extensively through the use of modern communication tech and transport
Typically follows the process of hierarchical diffusion from hearths or nodes of innovation
Depends on a group of people having sufficiently high level of economic development to acquire the material possessions associated with this culture
popular
Media is essential in diffusing ___________ culture
The most popular leisure activity worldwide
The most important mechanism by which knowledge of this culture is rapidly diffused across the planet
Isolation
Why is folk culture clustered in space?
A groups unique folk customs develop through centuries of relative _______ from customs practiced by other culture groups
As a result, folk customs observed at one point in time will vary widely from one place to another, even among nearby placed
Himilayan Mountains
In a narrow corridor of 2500 kms in the ________________________ of Bhutan, Nepal, Northern India, and Southern Tibet there are four religious groups:
Tibetan Buddhists in the north
Hindus in the south
Muslims in the west
Animist in the east
food, housing
Different folk societies prefer different types of __________ and ____________
Adapted to conditions and the environment (e.g pitched roofs for snow)
Also adapted to taboos and social values
migrations, interaction, isolation
Distribution of languages around the world results largely from past __________ of peoples. As well as 2 geographic processes:
_________________
________________
interaction
People in two locations speak the same languages because of migration from one of the locations to the other
Isolation
If two groups have few connections with eachother after the migration, the language spoken by each will begin to differ; after a long period without contact, the two groups will speak languages that are so different they are classified as separate languages
Language family
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor
E.g latin
Language branch
A collection of languages within a language family related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago
E.g romance
Language Group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab
E.g french, spanish, italian, or portuguese
Indo-Iranian
A branch of languages spoken in South Asia
Hindi
Urdu
India
The case of ___________:
they have four important language families:
Indo-European (North)
Dravidian (South)
Sino-tibetan (Northeastern)
Austro-Asiatic (Southeastern)
Because there are so many languages, English is used as a common denominator
Balto-Slavic
A branch of languages spoken in Eastern Europe
Most widely used is Russian (due to it being taught during USSR rule)
East Slavic languages = Ukrainian and Belorussian
West Slavic languages = Polish, Czech, and Slovak
South Slavic languages = Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian, Serbian, and Croatian
Romance
A branch of languages spoken in Southwestern Europe/ Latin America:
Evolved from Vulgar Latin (latin spoken by ancient romans)
French, spanish, italian, portugeuse
Physical boundaries such as mountains act as barriers to communication among people that the languages differ from one another
FIfth romance language = Romanian (despite the fact it is cut off from the other countries)
Austronesian
A branch of languages spoken in Africa/Asia Pacific:
About 6% of the world speak one
Most frequently used is the "Malay-Polynesian"
Languages in the phillipines are part of this branch: Tagalog, cebuano, visayan, waray, bikol, ilongo, iloko
Germanic
A branch of languages spoken in Northwestern Europe/North America
Dialects
It is hard to determine whether two languages are distinct or whether they are merely two ________ of the same language
Sino-Tibetan Language Family
Branch of languages mostly confined in China as well as other southeast asian countries
No single chinese language
THE RELATIVELY SMALL DIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES IN CHINA COMPARED TO INDIA IS DUE TO CHINAS NATIONAL STRENGTH AND UNITY
Sino-Tibetan includes 2 smaller branches:
Austro-Thai
Major language is Thai
Found mostly in Thailand, Laos, and vietnam
Tibeto-Burman
Major language is burmese
Found mostly in Myanmar
Austro-Asiatic
Language family based in Southeast Asia.
Vietnamese is the most spoken family in this branch. Uses the roman alphabet because it was brought over by the roman catholic missionaries in the 17th century
Afro-Asiatic
A language family, includes arabic
Important to Islam because the Qu'ran is written in arabic
Altaic
A language family spoken across an 8000km band of Asia between Turkey on the west and mongolia (and parts of china) on the east
Uralic
A language family spoken in Estonia, Finland, and Hungary
The only European countries not dominated by Indo-European speakers
African languages
Nearly 1000 distinct languages and several thousand dialects have been documented
Diversity results from at least 5000 years of minimal interaction among thousands of cultural groups
Difficult to document because of a lack of written tradition and minimal use
English
The most spoken language
Used as the unofficial language of international trade
Diffusion of this language has occurred in 2 ways:
It is changing with new vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
Its words are fusing with other languages
This language migrated during colonization
evolve
How did English _________?
Anglo-saxon became the common language in Britain (Old English)
in the 700s, viking invasions led to britain being split in half, with Danes (old norse speakers) and Saxons separated
Boundaries blurred with people merging, and old norse combined with old english
Norman conquest comes to the british isles, taking the throne and causing French to become the language of british royalty
Aristocracy became associated with French, whilst Old English became associated with peasants
Latin also started mixing in with clergymen the aristocracy brought
English develops, with new words, often having to do with government, law, and aristocracy
English speakers realize that using french or latin words makes them seem fancy, instead of using saxon words (peasant vibes ew)
language death
occurs when the last native speakers of a language have died and no new generations speak their ancestors' language fluently
Political Geography
Largely concerned with the spatial outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes affect spatial structures
Looks at relationships at a 3 scale structure
Three-scale structure
state
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Occupies a defined territory
Contains a permanent population with the defined territory
Sovereign
Aka a country or a nation
Argentina, australia, beligium, chile, france, japan, new zealand, norway, south africa, united kingdom, united states, USSR
The 12 nations that signed the antarctic treaty
Antarctic Treaty
an agreement that preserves Antarctica for peaceful and scientific use
No military use
Freedom of scientific investigation
Free exchange of scientific plans and data
any territorial claims put on hold
Nuclear free zone
Applies to land but not seas
All stations open to inspection by other nations
National laws apply to citizens, not to areas
The treaty may be modified at any time, but requires unanimous agreement
All treaty nations to ensure no one carries out acts against the treaty
states
Problems of defining ___________
E.g Hawaii
E.g The UK (is it england, great britain, whattt)
City state
The first states to evolve in the ancient world
A sovereign state that compromises a town and the surrounding countryside Characteristics:
Outer walls for protection
public space, which included temples and government buildings
Majority of the population lived in the city because it is the centre of culture, commerce, trade, and political activity
Differed greatly in governing philosophies and interests (sparta vs athens)
Empires
Followed the slow demise of city states
Consists of a group of states (or countries) ruled by a single supreme authority
Roman, mongol, spanish and portuguese, british
colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
Colonialism
effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles on the terrirory's original inhabitants
Europeans did this for 3 reasons
Promote christianity
Exploit natural resources to fuel the economy of European states
Symbol of relative power
Era began in the 15th century
Imperialism
The theory, practice, and attitudes of a dominating state ruling distant territories
African Union
Similar to the european union in that it comprises a continental membership base
55 members states
founded on may 26 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Discuss major issues to target, and sometimes collabs with the UN. Human rights, military strength, bank systems, pandemic, poverty
association of southease asian nations (ASEAN)
Economic and political union of 10 member states
promotes intergovernmental cooperation
facilitates economic, educational, military, political, security, and socio-cultural integration
193
There are 208 listed "states" in the United Nations system.
_____ UN member states (generally sovereign/independent states)
2 UN observer states (the Holy See and Palestine)
13 others
The commonwealth
Compromised of 56 countries
No legal obligation to one another
united by the English language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and rule of law
head is King Charles III BUT
same organization, different names?
Boundaries
An invisible line marking the extent of a states territory
result from a combination of natural features (E.g rivers, deserts, mountains, etc) and cultural features (religious and linguistic)
boundaries completely surround an individual state to mark the outer limits of its territorial control and to give it a distinctive shape
process of selecting boundary locations is frequently difficult
Natural boundaries
Important physical features on the earths surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen both on the map and on the ground
Mountains: good boundaries because difficult to cross, permanent, and sparsely inhabited
Desert: Similar to mountains in that they are difficult to cross and usually sparsely inhabited
water: rivers, lakes, oceans. Readily visible on the map and relatively unchanging
Cultural boundaries
Boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity, language, and religion
Geometric boundaries
Simple straight lines drawn on a map
E.g the 49th parallel
Religious Boundaries
Religion can be used to partition countries
E.g India and Pakistan
Shapes of States
Had four important aspects:
controls the length of its boundaries with other states
Affects the potential for communications and conflict with neighbours
A part of a country's identity
Can influence the ease or difficulty of internal administration and can affect social unity
Compact, elongated, prorupt, fragmented, perforated
The five types of state shapes
Compact states
A state shape:
distance among different points within a country is short
establishment of effective communication and transportation networks
effective control of political and administrative regions
Elongated states
A state shape:
States with a long and narrow shape
May suffer from poor communication and transportation networks
a region from one extreme end might be isolated from the capital
Prorupt states
A state shape:
countries that share features of both compact and elongated states
an elongated protrusion forms a peninsula or "corridor" that leads away from the main body of territory that is compact
E.g the Congo, Namibia, Afghanistan
Perforated states
A state shape:
A state enclosed by another state
Fragmented states
A state shape:
those consisting of two or more parts separated by physical features
occurs when a state is fragmented by water, by land, and with a mainland territory and an island territory
E.g Indonesia (fragmented by water)
E.g Canada (fragmented by land)
E.g Malaysia (fragmented with mainland and island territories)
environmental management
Decisions and actions regarding how to allocate or develop resources; and how to use, restore, rehabilitate, monitor, or evaluate environmental change
Also managing human interactions
Ecocentrism
Nature centred
Intrinsic value of nature although humans must use and even exploit nature to survive
Fine line between use and abuse of the natural environment
Anthropocentrism
Human centred
Belief reflected in western religions and the dominant economic paradigm of industrialized societies
utilitarian
Not the conservation of the environment for the environments sake, but the conservation of the environment for human's sake
screech
The first non-indigenous person to enter Hetch Hetchy valley in the early 1960's, Nathan ____________
preservationist
John Muir is a __________________
conservationist
Gifford Pinchot is a ______________________
John Muir
A preservationist
The landscape should remain unaltered so that people may enjoy it
The natural landscape has INTRINSIC value
Nature should be left alone as much as possible
Wilderness areas that have had little human impact should be protected
Gifford Pinchot
A conservationist
The river should be dammed to provide a steady water supply to the residents of San Francisco
Leaving the area wild serves fewer people
The natural landscape has INSTRUMENTAL value
Resources can be used as long as they are used sustainably
Best thing is to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people
1900
The preservationist movement occurred in the ______s
Aesthetic and spiritual nature movement
John Muir fights to protect yosemite and founds the sierra club
1600, 1900
The conservationist movement occurred in the _________s in Europe (forest timber management) and _________s in the US
Roosevelt, creates conservation areas and US forest service
Pinchot promotes scientific forestry to conserve forests
Sand County Almanac
The book _______________________ (1949, Aldo Leopold) argues that the use of the environment is not right (Pinchot) nor wrong (Muir), it depends on whether it is used sustainably.
Land ethic
Something is right if it promotes healthy ecosystem functioning, and wrong if it doesnt
An ecocentric ethic is that ecological concerns should come before human concerns
Land Ethic
Aldo Leopold (book) Nature perspective based on
the field of ecology (the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment)
Moral extensionism (the expansion of ethics beyond humans to land, plants, animals, etc)
PLACING HUMANS AS PART OF RATHER THAN SEPARATE FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
Modern Separation from the environment
The Industrial revolution
The growth of cities
18th and 19th century of: taming the wild, channelling river systems, and destruction of ecosystems for economic gain
Modern unification with the environment
Prior to the industrial revolution 1750s: Industrial revolution Mid 1940s: Post WWII Late 1980s: Brundtland report (UN) Late 2010s: Fridays for future (Greta thunberg)
ethnicity, gender, wealth, others
Uneven distributions of healthy environment is often manifested in spatial divisions of: 1. 2. 3. 4.
The divided city
The idea that cities (and other regions) will become divided along ecological lines
those who can afford it will live in eco-friendly enclaves
E.g Nosehill versus the northeast, or Calgary versus Canmore
Environmental values
Placing importance or worth on some aspect of the environment (helps you to decide to what extent we should develop versus conserve)
Healthy fish populations
Clean air in industrialized regions
Preservation of natural landscapes (aesthetic value, ecological value, utilitarian value, moral value)
Balancing positive social value, positive environmental value, and positive economic value
Political Ecology
the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors regarding environmental issues and changes
1935, thone
The term political ecology was first coined in _________ by Frank ___________
Blaikie, soil erosion
Political ecology did not gain traction until the 1970s onward, resulting from the development of development geography and cultural ecology
Popularized by the work of Piers ________ on the sociopolitical orgins of _____________
social, political, conditions, regimes, conflict, degradation, development
Political Ecology examines:
_________ construction of environmental problems or crises
Social definition and _________ implementation of environmental conservation
Social and political dynamics that emerge from changes in environmental ___________ and _________
Actors and interest of environmental __________ as a result of power struggles
Reasons behind environmental ______________ and marginalization, based on the ecological situation as a result of its larger context
Reasons behind success and failure (and injustices) of sustainable _______________ from global to local
Methodologies
Political ecology can include a host of different ____________________
Interviews
Ecological field study
Ethnography
Observation methods
Remote sensing
Survey techniques
Participatory action
Time series analysis
Archival research
Network analysis
Statistical tests
Oral history
Discourse analysis
Advocacy approaches
Feminist action
Disability theory
Mapping transects
Business audits
conservation
the _______________ argument- Amazon rainforest:
protect biodiversity of flora and fauna
Protect the land for inhabitants of the rainforest (e.g indigenous communities)
Helps regulate CO2 emissions (a carbon sink)
Helps regulate water cycles through rain (prevent drought)
development
the _______________ argument- Amazon rainforest:
Natural resources of the rainforest help to support human populations at the local and global scale
Amazon rainforest is rich in hydrocarbons (oil and gas) forestry products, and other minerals (gold) which act as sources of economic development
Environmental governance
Implies leadership and draws attention to important actors outside of formal government structures that contribute to environmental decision making
Includes formal and informal institutional arrangements for environmental management and decision making
actors
Environmental governance also considers the role of all ________ that impact the decision-making policies related to the environment
Local communities/civil society
governments
corporations
non government organizations
religious groups
These actors all influence
How power is exercised and negotiated
How public decisions are made
How citizens become engaged and disaffected
How they gain legitimacy and influence
How they achieve accountability
Cooperation among all actors is critical to achieving effective governance and policymaking
Global, national, local
The 3 levels of environmental governance
local
__________ environmental governance
Advantages
Management and governance of natural resources are better served at this scale as these communities directly experience changes to the biophysical environment
Community participation and partnership alongside decentralization of government management to these communities
Shifts power from government to these communities
Disadvantages
Ineffective policymaking to address environmental issues
Power struggles within and between these communities
national
__________ environmental governance
The most powerful in all 3 levels of environmental governance
The power to pass or prevent environmental policies
The power to bypass environmental protection policies for economic gain
Despite what is happening globally and locally, the political power rests in national governments
global
__________ environmental governance
According to the international institute of sustainable development: The sum of organizations, policy instruments, financing mechanisms, rules, procedures, and norms that regulate the processed of global environmental protection
Includes everyone at this environmental policymaking table BUT
Whose interests are being represented?
Who makes the rules?
Who has the largest (and loudest) say in global environmental governance
