Studied by 15 people
Landscapes that have cultural significance
Reflect the culture of the people who have lived there
Landscape(the environment) + culture(humans) = cultural landscape
A set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values which are learned, expressed, and shared among members of a social group
Passed down from generation to generation
E.g language, food, clothing
Two forms (DIFFER BY WAY OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION):
Folk
Popular
Traditionally practiced primarily by small homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas
Occupies a SMALL spatial scale
MORE LIKELY TO VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE AT A GIVEN TIME
found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
Occupies a LARGE spatial space
MORE LIKELY TO VARY FROM TIME TO TIME AT A GIVEN PLACE
The loss of folk culture can occur in 2 ways
when people turn from folk to _________________ they may also turn away from their society's traditional values
The diffusion of popular culture from more developed countries can lead to the dominance of ___________ perspectives
Diffusion of _______ culture:
Diffuses from one location to another more slowly on a smaller scale
Diffuses through migration rather than information and communication tech
Diffusion of _______ culture:
Diffuses rapidly and extensively through the use of modern communication tech and transport
Typically follows the process of hierarchical diffusion from hearths or nodes of innovation
Depends on a group of people having sufficiently high level of economic development to acquire the material possessions associated with this culture
Media is essential in diffusing ___________ culture
The most popular leisure activity worldwide
The most important mechanism by which knowledge of this culture is rapidly diffused across the planet
Why is folk culture clustered in space?
A groups unique folk customs develop through centuries of relative _______ from customs practiced by other culture groups
As a result, folk customs observed at one point in time will vary widely from one place to another, even among nearby placed
In a narrow corridor of 2500 kms in the ________________________ of Bhutan, Nepal, Northern India, and Southern Tibet there are four religious groups:
Tibetan Buddhists in the north
Hindus in the south
Muslims in the west
Animist in the east
Different folk societies prefer different types of __________ and ____________
Adapted to conditions and the environment (e.g pitched roofs for snow)
Also adapted to taboos and social values
Distribution of languages around the world results largely from past __________ of peoples. As well as 2 geographic processes:
_________________
________________
A branch of languages spoken in South Asia
Hindi
Urdu
The case of ___________:
they have four important language families:
Indo-European (North)
Dravidian (South)
Sino-tibetan (Northeastern)
Austro-Asiatic (Southeastern)
Because there are so many languages, English is used as a common denominator
A branch of languages spoken in Southwestern Europe/ Latin America:
Evolved from Vulgar Latin (latin spoken by ancient romans)
French, spanish, italian, portugeuse
Physical boundaries such as mountains act as barriers to communication among people that the languages differ from one another
FIfth romance language = Romanian (despite the fact it is cut off from the other countries)
A branch of languages spoken in Africa/Asia Pacific:
About 6% of the world speak one
Most frequently used is the "Malay-Polynesian"
Languages in the phillipines are part of this branch: Tagalog, cebuano, visayan, waray, bikol, ilongo, iloko
Branch of languages mostly confined in China as well as other southeast asian countries
No single chinese language
THE RELATIVELY SMALL DIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES IN CHINA COMPARED TO INDIA IS DUE TO CHINAS NATIONAL STRENGTH AND UNITY
Sino-Tibetan includes 2 smaller branches:
Austro-Thai
Major language is Thai
Found mostly in Thailand, Laos, and vietnam
Tibeto-Burman
Major language is burmese
Found mostly in Myanmar
Nearly 1000 distinct languages and several thousand dialects have been documented
Diversity results from at least 5000 years of minimal interaction among thousands of cultural groups
Difficult to document because of a lack of written tradition and minimal use
The most spoken language
Used as the unofficial language of international trade
Diffusion of this language has occurred in 2 ways:
It is changing with new vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
Its words are fusing with other languages
This language migrated during colonization
How did English _________?
Anglo-saxon became the common language in Britain (Old English)
in the 700s, viking invasions led to britain being split in half, with Danes (old norse speakers) and Saxons separated
Boundaries blurred with people merging, and old norse combined with old english
Norman conquest comes to the british isles, taking the throne and causing French to become the language of british royalty
Aristocracy became associated with French, whilst Old English became associated with peasants
Latin also started mixing in with clergymen the aristocracy brought
English develops, with new words, often having to do with government, law, and aristocracy
English speakers realize that using french or latin words makes them seem fancy, instead of using saxon words (peasant vibes ew)
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Occupies a defined territory
Contains a permanent population with the defined territory
Sovereign
Aka a country or a nation
an agreement that preserves Antarctica for peaceful and scientific use
No military use
Freedom of scientific investigation
Free exchange of scientific plans and data
any territorial claims put on hold
Nuclear free zone
Applies to land but not seas
All stations open to inspection by other nations
National laws apply to citizens, not to areas
The treaty may be modified at any time, but requires unanimous agreement
All treaty nations to ensure no one carries out acts against the treaty
Problems of defining ___________
E.g Hawaii
E.g The UK (is it england, great britain, whattt)
The first states to evolve in the ancient world
A sovereign state that compromises a town and the surrounding countryside Characteristics:
Outer walls for protection
public space, which included temples and government buildings
Majority of the population lived in the city because it is the centre of culture, commerce, trade, and political activity
Differed greatly in governing philosophies and interests (sparta vs athens)
Followed the slow demise of city states
Consists of a group of states (or countries) ruled by a single supreme authority
Roman, mongol, spanish and portuguese, british
effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles on the terrirory's original inhabitants
Europeans did this for 3 reasons
Promote christianity
Exploit natural resources to fuel the economy of European states
Symbol of relative power
Era began in the 15th century
Similar to the european union in that it comprises a continental membership base
55 members states
founded on may 26 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Discuss major issues to target, and sometimes collabs with the UN. Human rights, military strength, bank systems, pandemic, poverty
Economic and political union of 10 member states
promotes intergovernmental cooperation
facilitates economic, educational, military, political, security, and socio-cultural integration
There are 208 listed "states" in the United Nations system.
_____ UN member states (generally sovereign/independent states)
2 UN observer states (the Holy See and Palestine)
13 others
Compromised of 56 countries
No legal obligation to one another
united by the English language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and rule of law
head is King Charles III BUT
same organization, different names?
An invisible line marking the extent of a states territory
result from a combination of natural features (E.g rivers, deserts, mountains, etc) and cultural features (religious and linguistic)
boundaries completely surround an individual state to mark the outer limits of its territorial control and to give it a distinctive shape
process of selecting boundary locations is frequently difficult
Important physical features on the earths surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen both on the map and on the ground
Mountains: good boundaries because difficult to cross, permanent, and sparsely inhabited
Desert: Similar to mountains in that they are difficult to cross and usually sparsely inhabited
water: rivers, lakes, oceans. Readily visible on the map and relatively unchanging
Had four important aspects:
controls the length of its boundaries with other states
Affects the potential for communications and conflict with neighbours
A part of a country's identity
Can influence the ease or difficulty of internal administration and can affect social unity
A state shape:
distance among different points within a country is short
establishment of effective communication and transportation networks
effective control of political and administrative regions
A state shape:
States with a long and narrow shape
May suffer from poor communication and transportation networks
a region from one extreme end might be isolated from the capital
A state shape:
countries that share features of both compact and elongated states
an elongated protrusion forms a peninsula or "corridor" that leads away from the main body of territory that is compact
E.g the Congo, Namibia, Afghanistan
A state shape:
those consisting of two or more parts separated by physical features
occurs when a state is fragmented by water, by land, and with a mainland territory and an island territory
E.g Indonesia (fragmented by water)
E.g Canada (fragmented by land)
E.g Malaysia (fragmented with mainland and island territories)
Nature centred
Intrinsic value of nature although humans must use and even exploit nature to survive
Fine line between use and abuse of the natural environment
Human centred
Belief reflected in western religions and the dominant economic paradigm of industrialized societies
utilitarian
Not the conservation of the environment for the environments sake, but the conservation of the environment for human's sake
A preservationist
The landscape should remain unaltered so that people may enjoy it
The natural landscape has INTRINSIC value
Nature should be left alone as much as possible
Wilderness areas that have had little human impact should be protected
A conservationist
The river should be dammed to provide a steady water supply to the residents of San Francisco
Leaving the area wild serves fewer people
The natural landscape has INSTRUMENTAL value
Resources can be used as long as they are used sustainably
Best thing is to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people
The preservationist movement occurred in the ______s
Aesthetic and spiritual nature movement
John Muir fights to protect yosemite and founds the sierra club
The conservationist movement occurred in the _________s in Europe (forest timber management) and _________s in the US
Roosevelt, creates conservation areas and US forest service
Pinchot promotes scientific forestry to conserve forests
The book _______________________ (1949, Aldo Leopold) argues that the use of the environment is not right (Pinchot) nor wrong (Muir), it depends on whether it is used sustainably.
Land ethic
Something is right if it promotes healthy ecosystem functioning, and wrong if it doesnt
An ecocentric ethic is that ecological concerns should come before human concerns
Aldo Leopold (book) Nature perspective based on
the field of ecology (the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment)
Moral extensionism (the expansion of ethics beyond humans to land, plants, animals, etc)
PLACING HUMANS AS PART OF RATHER THAN SEPARATE FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
The Industrial revolution
The growth of cities
18th and 19th century of: taming the wild, channelling river systems, and destruction of ecosystems for economic gain
Uneven distributions of healthy environment is often manifested in spatial divisions of: 1. 2. 3. 4.
The idea that cities (and other regions) will become divided along ecological lines
those who can afford it will live in eco-friendly enclaves
E.g Nosehill versus the northeast, or Calgary versus Canmore
Placing importance or worth on some aspect of the environment (helps you to decide to what extent we should develop versus conserve)
Healthy fish populations
Clean air in industrialized regions
Preservation of natural landscapes (aesthetic value, ecological value, utilitarian value, moral value)
Balancing positive social value, positive environmental value, and positive economic value
Political Ecology examines:
_________ construction of environmental problems or crises
Social definition and _________ implementation of environmental conservation
Social and political dynamics that emerge from changes in environmental ___________ and _________
Actors and interest of environmental __________ as a result of power struggles
Reasons behind environmental ______________ and marginalization, based on the ecological situation as a result of its larger context
Reasons behind success and failure (and injustices) of sustainable _______________ from global to local
Political ecology can include a host of different ____________________
Interviews
Ecological field study
Ethnography
Observation methods
Remote sensing
Survey techniques
Participatory action
Time series analysis
Archival research
Network analysis
Statistical tests
Oral history
Discourse analysis
Advocacy approaches
Feminist action
Disability theory
Mapping transects
Business audits
the _______________ argument- Amazon rainforest:
protect biodiversity of flora and fauna
Protect the land for inhabitants of the rainforest (e.g indigenous communities)
Helps regulate CO2 emissions (a carbon sink)
Helps regulate water cycles through rain (prevent drought)
the _______________ argument- Amazon rainforest:
Natural resources of the rainforest help to support human populations at the local and global scale
Amazon rainforest is rich in hydrocarbons (oil and gas) forestry products, and other minerals (gold) which act as sources of economic development
Environmental governance also considers the role of all ________ that impact the decision-making policies related to the environment
Local communities/civil society
governments
corporations
non government organizations
religious groups
These actors all influence
How power is exercised and negotiated
How public decisions are made
How citizens become engaged and disaffected
How they gain legitimacy and influence
How they achieve accountability
Cooperation among all actors is critical to achieving effective governance and policymaking
__________ environmental governance
Advantages
Management and governance of natural resources are better served at this scale as these communities directly experience changes to the biophysical environment
Community participation and partnership alongside decentralization of government management to these communities
Shifts power from government to these communities
Disadvantages
Ineffective policymaking to address environmental issues
Power struggles within and between these communities
__________ environmental governance
The most powerful in all 3 levels of environmental governance
The power to pass or prevent environmental policies
The power to bypass environmental protection policies for economic gain
Despite what is happening globally and locally, the political power rests in national governments
__________ environmental governance
According to the international institute of sustainable development: The sum of organizations, policy instruments, financing mechanisms, rules, procedures, and norms that regulate the processed of global environmental protection
Includes everyone at this environmental policymaking table BUT
Whose interests are being represented?
Who makes the rules?
Who has the largest (and loudest) say in global environmental governance
