GEOG 254 Midterm 2 Quizlet

20

Cultural geography emerged as a sub-discipline of geography in the early ___th century

environmental determinism #1

Cultural geography challenged the notion of ______________________________

environmental determinism #2

Argues that people and societies are controlled by the environment in which they develop

Sauer

Cultural Geography was popularized by Carl O. ______

cultural landscape

Landscapes that have cultural significance
- Reflect the culture of the people who have lived there
- Landscape(the environment) + culture(humans) = cultural landscape

Clearly defined landscapes

One of the three types of cultural landscapes according to UNESCO:
- Crafted and created intentionally by humans

Organically evolved landscapes

One of the three types of cultural landscapes according to UNESCO:
- Have evidence of human interaction with the land, but the land has changed and developed over time

Associative Cultural Landscape

One of the three types of cultural landscapes according to UNESCO:
- Valued because of the artistic, cultural, or religious associations of the natural element

Culture

A set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values which are learned, expressed, and shared among members of a social group
- Passed down from generation to generation
- E.g language, food, clothing
- Two forms (DIFFER BY WAY OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION):
1. Folk
2. Popular

Folk Culture

Traditionally practiced primarily by small homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas
- Occupies a SMALL spatial scale
- MORE LIKELY TO VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE AT A GIVEN TIME

popular culture

found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
- Occupies a LARGE spatial space
- MORE LIKELY TO VARY FROM TIME TO TIME AT A GIVEN PLACE

Globalization

As a result of ___________, popular culture is becoming more dominant
- Threatens the survival of folk cultures - which reduces local diversity

environment

The dominance of popular culture can also threaten the quality of the _________
- Folk culture is derived from local natural elements, and is consequentially more sensitive to protecting this compared to pop culture

popular culture, western

The loss of folk culture can occur in 2 ways
1. when people turn from folk to _________________ they may also turn away from their society's traditional values
2. The diffusion of popular culture from more developed countries can lead to the dominance of ___________ perspectives

economically

Popular culture is most often a product of more _____________ developed countries
- Often for sales

folk

Diffusion of _______ culture:
- Diffuses from one location to another more slowly on a smaller scale
- Diffuses through migration rather than information and communication tech

popular

Diffusion of _______ culture:
- Diffuses rapidly and extensively through the use of modern communication tech and transport
- Typically follows the process of hierarchical diffusion from hearths or nodes of innovation
- Depends on a group of people having sufficiently high level of economic development to acquire the material possessions associated with this culture

popular

Media is essential in diffusing ___________ culture
1. The most popular leisure activity worldwide
2. The most important mechanism by which knowledge of this culture is rapidly diffused across the planet

Isolation

Why is folk culture clustered in space?
- A groups unique folk customs develop through centuries of relative _______ from customs practiced by other culture groups
- As a result, folk customs observed at one point in time will vary widely from one place to another, even among nearby placed

Himilayan Mountains

In a narrow corridor of 2500 kms in the ________________________ of Bhutan, Nepal, Northern India, and Southern Tibet there are four religious groups:
1. Tibetan Buddhists in the north
2. Hindus in the south
3. Muslims in the west
4. Animist in the east

food, housing

Different folk societies prefer different types of __________ and ____________
- Adapted to conditions and the environment (e.g pitched roofs for snow)
- Also adapted to taboos and social values

migrations, interaction, isolation

Distribution of languages around the world results largely from past __________ of peoples. As well as 2 geographic processes:
1. _________________
2. ________________

interaction

People in two locations speak the same languages because of migration from one of the locations to the other

Isolation

If two groups have few connections with eachother after the migration, the language spoken by each will begin to differ; after a long period without contact, the two groups will speak languages that are so different they are classified as separate languages

Language family

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor
- E.g latin

Language branch

A collection of languages within a language family related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago
- E.g romance

Language Group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab
- E.g french, spanish, italian, or portuguese

Indo-Iranian

A branch of languages spoken in South Asia
- Hindi
- Urdu

India

The case of ___________:
- they have four important language families:
1. Indo-European (North)
2. Dravidian (South)
3. Sino-tibetan (Northeastern)
4. Austro-Asiatic (Southeastern)

Because there are so many languages, English is used as a common denominator

Balto-Slavic

A branch of languages spoken in Eastern Europe
- Most widely used is Russian (due to it being taught during USSR rule)

East Slavic languages = Ukrainian and Belorussian

West Slavic languages = Polish, Czech, and Slovak

South Slavic languages = Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian, Serbian, and Croatian

Romance

A branch of languages spoken in Southwestern Europe/ Latin America:
- Evolved from Vulgar Latin (latin spoken by ancient romans)
- French, spanish, italian, portugeuse

- Physical boundaries such as mountains act as barriers to communication among people that the languages differ from one another
- FIfth romance language = Romanian (despite the fact it is cut off from the other countries)

Austronesian

A branch of languages spoken in Africa/Asia Pacific:
- About 6% of the world speak one
- Most frequently used is the "Malay-Polynesian"
- Languages in the phillipines are part of this branch: Tagalog, cebuano, visayan, waray, bikol, ilongo, iloko

Germanic

A branch of languages spoken in Northwestern Europe/North America

Dialects

It is hard to determine whether two languages are distinct or whether they are merely two ________ of the same language

Sino-Tibetan Language Family

Branch of languages mostly confined in China as well as other southeast asian countries
- No single chinese language
- THE RELATIVELY SMALL DIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES IN CHINA COMPARED TO INDIA IS DUE TO CHINAS NATIONAL STRENGTH AND UNITY

Sino-Tibetan includes 2 smaller branches:
1. Austro-Thai
- Major language is Thai
- Found mostly in Thailand, Laos, and vietnam
2. Tibeto-Burman
- Major language is burmese
- Found mostly in Myanmar

Austro-Asiatic

Language family based in Southeast Asia.
- Vietnamese is the most spoken family in this branch. Uses the roman alphabet because it was brought over by the roman catholic missionaries in the 17th century

Afro-Asiatic

A language family, includes arabic
- Important to Islam because the Qu'ran is written in arabic

Altaic

A language family spoken across an 8000km band of Asia between Turkey on the west and mongolia (and parts of china) on the east

Uralic

A language family spoken in Estonia, Finland, and Hungary
- The only European countries not dominated by Indo-European speakers

African languages

Nearly 1000 distinct languages and several thousand dialects have been documented
- Diversity results from at least 5000 years of minimal interaction among thousands of cultural groups
- Difficult to document because of a lack of written tradition and minimal use

English

The most spoken language
- Used as the unofficial language of international trade
- Diffusion of this language has occurred in 2 ways:
1. It is changing with new vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
2. Its words are fusing with other languages
- This language migrated during colonization

evolve

How did English _________?
- Anglo-saxon became the common language in Britain (Old English)
- in the 700s, viking invasions led to britain being split in half, with Danes (old norse speakers) and Saxons separated
- Boundaries blurred with people merging, and old norse combined with old english
- Norman conquest comes to the british isles, taking the throne and causing French to become the language of british royalty
- Aristocracy became associated with French, whilst Old English became associated with peasants
- Latin also started mixing in with clergymen the aristocracy brought
- English develops, with new words, often having to do with government, law, and aristocracy
- English speakers realize that using french or latin words makes them seem fancy, instead of using saxon words (peasant vibes ew)

language death

occurs when the last native speakers of a language have died and no new generations speak their ancestors' language fluently

Political Geography

Largely concerned with the spatial outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes affect spatial structures
- Looks at relationships at a 3 scale structure

Three-scale structure

state

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
- Occupies a defined territory
- Contains a permanent population with the defined territory
- Sovereign

Aka a country or a nation

Argentina, australia, beligium, chile, france, japan, new zealand, norway, south africa, united kingdom, united states, USSR

The 12 nations that signed the antarctic treaty

Antarctic Treaty

an agreement that preserves Antarctica for peaceful and scientific use
1. No military use
2. Freedom of scientific investigation
3. Free exchange of scientific plans and data
4. any territorial claims put on hold
5. Nuclear free zone
6. Applies to land but not seas
7. All stations open to inspection by other nations
8. National laws apply to citizens, not to areas
9. The treaty may be modified at any time, but requires unanimous agreement
10. All treaty nations to ensure no one carries out acts against the treaty

states

Problems of defining ___________
- E.g Hawaii
- E.g The UK (is it england, great britain, whattt)

City state

The first states to evolve in the ancient world
- A sovereign state that compromises a town and the surrounding countryside
Characteristics:
- Outer walls for protection
- public space, which included temples and government buildings
- Majority of the population lived in the city because it is the centre of culture, commerce, trade, and political activity
- Differed greatly in governing philosophies and interests (sparta vs athens)

Empires

Followed the slow demise of city states
- Consists of a group of states (or countries) ruled by a single supreme authority
- Roman, mongol, spanish and portuguese, british

colony

A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.

Colonialism

effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles on the terrirory's original inhabitants

Europeans did this for 3 reasons
1. Promote christianity
2. Exploit natural resources to fuel the economy of European states
3. Symbol of relative power

Era began in the 15th century

Imperialism

The theory, practice, and attitudes of a dominating state ruling distant territories

African Union

Similar to the european union in that it comprises a continental membership base
- 55 members states
- founded on may 26 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Discuss major issues to target, and sometimes collabs with the UN. Human rights, military strength, bank systems, pandemic, poverty

association of southease asian nations (ASEAN)

Economic and political union of 10 member states
- promotes intergovernmental cooperation
- facilitates economic, educational, military, political, security, and socio-cultural integration

193

There are 208 listed "states" in the United Nations system.
- _____ UN member states (generally sovereign/independent states)
- 2 UN observer states (the Holy See and Palestine)
- 13 others

The commonwealth

Compromised of 56 countries
- No legal obligation to one another
- united by the English language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and rule of law
- head is King Charles III BUT
- same organization, different names?

Boundaries

An invisible line marking the extent of a states territory
- result from a combination of natural features (E.g rivers, deserts, mountains, etc) and cultural features (religious and linguistic)
- boundaries completely surround an individual state to mark the outer limits of its territorial control and to give it a distinctive shape
- process of selecting boundary locations is frequently difficult

Natural boundaries

Important physical features on the earths surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen both on the map and on the ground
- Mountains: good boundaries because difficult to cross, permanent, and sparsely inhabited
- Desert: Similar to mountains in that they are difficult to cross and usually sparsely inhabited
- water: rivers, lakes, oceans. Readily visible on the map and relatively unchanging

Cultural boundaries

Boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity, language, and religion

Geometric boundaries

Simple straight lines drawn on a map
- E.g the 49th parallel

Religious Boundaries

Religion can be used to partition countries
- E.g India and Pakistan

Shapes of States

Had four important aspects:
1. controls the length of its boundaries with other states
2. Affects the potential for communications and conflict with neighbours
3. A part of a country's identity
4. Can influence the ease or difficulty of internal administration and can affect social unity

Compact, elongated, prorupt, fragmented, perforated

The five types of state shapes

Compact states

A state shape:
- distance among different points within a country is short
- establishment of effective communication and transportation networks
- effective control of political and administrative regions

Elongated states

A state shape:
- States with a long and narrow shape
- May suffer from poor communication and transportation networks
- a region from one extreme end might be isolated from the capital

Prorupt states

A state shape:
- countries that share features of both compact and elongated states
- an elongated protrusion forms a peninsula or "corridor" that leads away from the main body of territory that is compact
- E.g the Congo, Namibia, Afghanistan

Perforated states

A state shape:
- A state enclosed by another state

Fragmented states

A state shape:
- those consisting of two or more parts separated by physical features
- occurs when a state is fragmented by water, by land, and with a mainland territory and an island territory
- E.g Indonesia (fragmented by water)
- E.g Canada (fragmented by land)
- E.g Malaysia (fragmented with mainland and island territories)

environmental management

Decisions and actions regarding how to allocate or develop resources; and how to use, restore, rehabilitate, monitor, or evaluate environmental change
- Also managing human interactions

Ecocentrism

Nature centred
- Intrinsic value of nature although humans must use and even exploit nature to survive
- Fine line between use and abuse of the natural environment

Anthropocentrism

Human centred
- Belief reflected in western religions and the dominant economic paradigm of industrialized societies
- utilitarian
- Not the conservation of the environment for the environments sake, but the conservation of the environment for human's sake

screech

The first non-indigenous person to enter Hetch Hetchy valley in the early 1960's, Nathan ____________

preservationist

John Muir is a __________________

conservationist

Gifford Pinchot is a ______________________

John Muir

A preservationist
- The landscape should remain unaltered so that people may enjoy it
- The natural landscape has INTRINSIC value
- Nature should be left alone as much as possible
- Wilderness areas that have had little human impact should be protected

Gifford Pinchot

A conservationist
- The river should be dammed to provide a steady water supply to the residents of San Francisco
- Leaving the area wild serves fewer people
- The natural landscape has INSTRUMENTAL value
- Resources can be used as long as they are used sustainably
- Best thing is to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people

1900

The preservationist movement occurred in the ______s
- Aesthetic and spiritual nature movement
- John Muir fights to protect yosemite and founds the sierra club

1600, 1900

The conservationist movement occurred in the _________s in Europe (forest timber management) and _________s in the US
- Roosevelt, creates conservation areas and US forest service
- Pinchot promotes scientific forestry to conserve forests

Sand County Almanac

The book _______________________ (1949, Aldo Leopold) argues that the use of the environment is not right (Pinchot) nor wrong (Muir), it depends on whether it is used sustainably.
- Land ethic
- Something is right if it promotes healthy ecosystem functioning, and wrong if it doesnt
- An ecocentric ethic is that ecological concerns should come before human concerns

Land Ethic

Aldo Leopold (book)
Nature perspective based on
- the field of ecology (the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment)
- Moral extensionism (the expansion of ethics beyond humans to land, plants, animals, etc)
- PLACING HUMANS AS PART OF RATHER THAN SEPARATE FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

Modern Separation from the environment

- The Industrial revolution
- The growth of cities
- 18th and 19th century of: taming the wild, channelling river systems, and destruction of ecosystems for economic gain

Modern unification with the environment

Prior to the industrial revolution
1750s: Industrial revolution
Mid 1940s: Post WWII
Late 1980s: Brundtland report (UN)
Late 2010s: Fridays for future (Greta thunberg)

ethnicity, gender, wealth, others

Uneven distributions of healthy environment is often manifested in spatial divisions of:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The divided city

The idea that cities (and other regions) will become divided along ecological lines
- those who can afford it will live in eco-friendly enclaves
- E.g Nosehill versus the northeast, or Calgary versus Canmore

Environmental values

Placing importance or worth on some aspect of the environment (helps you to decide to what extent we should develop versus conserve)
- Healthy fish populations
- Clean air in industrialized regions
- Preservation of natural landscapes (aesthetic value, ecological value, utilitarian value, moral value)

Balancing positive social value, positive environmental value, and positive economic value

Political Ecology

the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors regarding environmental issues and changes

1935, thone

The term political ecology was first coined in _________ by Frank ___________

Blaikie, soil erosion

Political ecology did not gain traction until the 1970s onward, resulting from the development of development geography and cultural ecology
- Popularized by the work of Piers ________ on the sociopolitical orgins of _____________

social, political, conditions, regimes, conflict, degradation, development

Political Ecology examines:
1. _________ construction of environmental problems or crises
2. Social definition and _________ implementation of environmental conservation
3. Social and political dynamics that emerge from changes in environmental ___________ and _________
4. Actors and interest of environmental __________ as a result of power struggles
5. Reasons behind environmental ______________ and marginalization, based on the ecological situation as a result of its larger context
6. Reasons behind success and failure (and injustices) of sustainable _______________ from global to local

Methodologies

Political ecology can include a host of different ____________________
- Interviews
- Ecological field study
- Ethnography
- Observation methods
- Remote sensing
- Survey techniques
- Participatory action
- Time series analysis
- Archival research
- Network analysis
- Statistical tests
- Oral history
- Discourse analysis
- Advocacy approaches
- Feminist action
- Disability theory
- Mapping transects
- Business audits

conservation

the _______________ argument- Amazon rainforest:
- protect biodiversity of flora and fauna
- Protect the land for inhabitants of the rainforest (e.g indigenous communities)
- Helps regulate CO2 emissions (a carbon sink)
- Helps regulate water cycles through rain (prevent drought)

development

the _______________ argument- Amazon rainforest:
- Natural resources of the rainforest help to support human populations at the local and global scale
- Amazon rainforest is rich in hydrocarbons (oil and gas) forestry products, and other minerals (gold) which act as sources of economic development

Environmental governance

Implies leadership and draws attention to important actors outside of formal government structures that contribute to environmental decision making
- Includes formal and informal institutional arrangements for environmental management and decision making

actors

Environmental governance also considers the role of all ________ that impact the decision-making policies related to the environment
- Local communities/civil society
- governments
- corporations
- non government organizations
- religious groups

These actors all influence
- How power is exercised and negotiated
- How public decisions are made
- How citizens become engaged and disaffected
- How they gain legitimacy and influence
- How they achieve accountability

Cooperation among all actors is critical to achieving effective governance and policymaking

Global, national, local

The 3 levels of environmental governance

local

__________ environmental governance

Advantages
- Management and governance of natural resources are better served at this scale as these communities directly experience changes to the biophysical environment
- Community participation and partnership alongside decentralization of government management to these communities
- Shifts power from government to these communities

Disadvantages
- Ineffective policymaking to address environmental issues
- Power struggles within and between these communities

national

__________ environmental governance

- The most powerful in all 3 levels of environmental governance
- The power to pass or prevent environmental policies
- The power to bypass environmental protection policies for economic gain
- Despite what is happening globally and locally, the political power rests in national governments

global

__________ environmental governance

- According to the international institute of sustainable development: The sum of organizations, policy instruments, financing mechanisms, rules, procedures, and norms that regulate the processed of global environmental protection
- Includes everyone at this environmental policymaking table BUT
- Whose interests are being represented?
- Who makes the rules?
- Who has the largest (and loudest) say in global environmental governance