World History - War on Terror Study Guide

Middle east countries

 Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria,Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Central Asia Countries

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic , Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan

Northern Africa Countries

Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad

Saudi Arabia

1. Murder of Jamall Khashoggi - murdered because he was critical of government

2. Against homosexuality

   1. Laws laws say you can’t have sexual relations if not married)

3. Women's right to movement in Saudi:

   1. Right to vote in 2015 (municipality only because they have a king)

   2. Start from running group

   3. 2018 right to drive

4. Riyad - Capital of Saudi Arabia

5. Crown prince mohammed bin salman al saud is a progressive

   1. Growing rapidly

6. Saudi is a monarchy

The Christian World and the Rise of Islam

1. The Christian World and the Rise of Islam.

   1. In 2023, Western Society: America, Europe and Australia

   2. Eastern Society: Middle East, Northern Africa, Central Asia (Islamic World)

the split of the roman empire

1. The Split of the Roman Empire: 330 AD

   1. Roads in Europe were built in Roman Empire

   2. Empire got too big

      1. Decided to Split

   3. Rome was  the west

   4. Western Roman Empire was invaded by Central Asia

   5. Invaded Rome, captured the pope, and destroyed the city of Rome (Vandals)

   6. Britain was invaded by Angles and Saxans

   7. Families who could protect the most people during the invasion would became Royals and kings of that area

byzantine empire

1. The Byzantine Empire:

   1. Constantine - byzantine

   2. Constantine left and went to Byzantine  - constantinople

justinian the great

Had a lot of power, brutal dictator

1. Expanded the byzantine Empire by a lot

2. His wife was a actress which was very scandalous

   1. Men of his stature (congressmen) could not marry an actress

   2. Changed the law so he could marry her

3. She was his chief advisor

4. Ended a rebellion that could have ended his career

   1. Rioted trashed a third of a city

   2. He was going to leave but she ordered him to stay

   3. Justiniand said to the riot leaders to meet with him, they thought he was going to negotiate but he slaughtered 30,000 people

5. He made the longest dome church

Code of Justinian

First law of the land

The code of hammurabi

Longest and best preserved legal text

Education:

1. Greek and roman scribe saved by byzantine empire

2. All the books were preserved by constantine people

3. Greek and Roman teachings saved in the war fleeting

   1. Led to the renaissance

The church Splits into East and West:

1. The Great schism of 1054

2. The Pope vs. the Patriarch

3. The patriarch is the head of the church

4. Schism = split

5. Theocracy (government ruled by religion)

6. Christianity splits in catholic (universal) and orthodox (greek, russian, armenian) 

timeline of Hagia Sophia

Christian church - mosque - museum - mosque

Islam and Women (pre present day):

• Enjoyed more rights in the Islamic empires than their Chrsitian and Jewish contemporaries

• According to the quran, women are entitled to education, owning businesses inheritance, work and many other things

Islam and Women (present day)

1. They don’t always receive these benefits in Muslim countries due to their interpretations of the quran 

2.   Some women in the contemporary Middle East argue that western-style feminism is not necessary because women’s rights can be maintained through Islam 

Veil in all religions

1. Sacred

2. Look are private consumption

3. All religions wear veils

4. Respect for your faith, something always above you (christianity)

Islam and Veils

1. Dress modestly

2. Islamic Rules for modest dress apply to women and men equally

3. Muslim women over their heads using scarves called the “hijab”

4. Arabic/Middle Eastern Tradition found in many cultures and religions 

   1. EX: Mary wore head scarf and modest clothes

How can the veil be liberating?

1. Came from when women were being kidnapped 

2. Liberating because people focus on u and not what you look like

The Rise of Islamic Empires vocab to know

1. East = islamic world

2. West = europe

3. Contiguous = connected

Trade and Commerce in and with the Islamic World:

All the continents connected to Baghdad because of trade in 900-1200

Umayyad Empire:

1. Largest islamic empire

2. Motivation for ISIS terror groups in 2010’s

3. Spread islam to northern africa and then Eurasia 

4. Battle of Tours 732

   1. Islam expanded to Spain, wanted to expand in France

   2. In the name of Christianity, stopped the expansion of Islam in France

   3. Turning point in world history

   4. Maybe the majority of the world would have been muslim if not won

The safavid Empire

1. Shia religion

2. Foguth with their sunni neighbors

3. Established roots for the Iran/Iraq war

   1. Persian river - cause

   2. Would have connected Shia and Sunni people

   3. 1 mill died and did not actually connect

   4. Iraq killed their shia citizens because they supported Iran with bomb and mustard gas

The Abbasid Caliphate

1. Golden Age: house of wisdom

   1. Advances in science, literature, medicine, and philosophy

   2. Met in Baghdad and talked about failing of Greek and Roman Empire and wrote it down

   3. Started the renaissance 

   4. Engineering and logistical problems

   5. Need for science came from the need to run the empire

   6. Mathematical concepts like arabic numerals

   7. Translated greek text for the western world

   8. Scientific methods

   9. Algebra, trig, astronomy

   10. Innovating in medicine

       1. Disease was spread airborne

       2. Quarantine than treated

       3. HOSPITAL created

   11. Paper big industry (made in china first)

The Mughal Empire:

1. Spread Islam to India

2. Established roots for Muslim/Hindu Conflict

3. Left behind amazing architecture in India 

The ottoman empire:

1. Multinational empire

2. Contributed to WWI 

3. Sick man of europe

4. Downfall helped to contribute to a secular state of turkey

5. Root of many modern conflict

6. Polish empire stopped expansion of islam in austria and france by the ottoman empire

7. So big caused their downfalls

8. WWi - mandates (colonization)

Post wwi middle east

1. Ottoman empire collapsed

   1. British and french mandates (colonies)

Post wwii middle east:

1. No more mandate and independent countries

2. Iraq border now merged shia and sunni 

3. British and france did not have the money to hang on to their colonies

   1. They said it was for human rights

Why is the west so concerned about what happens in the middle east?

1. Oil/natural resources

2. Middle east good location for putting military bases if there are needed to fight a country near by

Opec and persian gulf region

Control power over oil cartel

1. Price as well

Iran

1. Shia muslim 

2. Have a president, council of mulah (religious leaders) and supreme leader - ayatollah

3. Persian

4. 1945-1991 (Cold War)

   1. Shah pahlavi - westerner British and US liked him

   2. But he was forced out because he was not a capitalist

   3. His son became the leader

   4. Then Mohammad Massadda becomes leader and he is a communist

   5. Us and britain did not like him

   6. Gets overthrown by cia

   7. Sah palavas reza starts to westernize the country  but shia muslims do not like it

      1. Kills political enemies

Iranian Revolution - 1979

1. Shah pahlavi in NYC since he has cancer

2. Ayatollah Khomeini becomes the leader of the country

3. People who benefited from shah policy went to NYC and california

4. Nov. 4 1979 was the iranian hostage situation

5. 66 hostages

6. 13 released within a few days, 1 released 8 months later because of heart condition, 52 remained for 444 days

Iraq

1. Shia muslim - majority

2. Saddam Hussein president from 1979 - 2003

   1. Secular president

3. Iraq - arab

4. But north iraq - kurds

5. Saddam hussein backed by Us because he was a secular leader

6. Us does not like the theocracy leaders because of Iran hostage situation 

7. The speaker of parliament is always a Sunni Arab, the prime minister a Shia Arab, and the president a Kurd.

8. Speaker of Parliament Mohammad Halbousi 

9. President: Abdul Latif Rashid

10. Prime Minister - Mohammed Shia' Al-Sudani

Iraq - Iran War (1980-1988)

1. War is over a border

2. 1 million deaths

3. Stalemate

Iran Contra affair

Us central intelligence -> Israel (surplus and excess us weapons were sent from US to Israel) -> Iran (Israel brought the arms shipment to Iran for US dollars & Iran purchases Us arms at high prices) -> Contras in Nicaragua (many equipment and arms were secretly sent to contras in Nicaragua) 

boland amendment (1984)

Can’t participate in in regime change

• US goes against this due to them helping the contras in Nicaragua

Relationship between the US and Iraq post Iran/Contra affair

Bad cause US tried to help Iran though they were allies with Iraq in this war

What is al-qaeda?

1. Al Qaeda means “the Base.” It is a stateless (meaning without a country) terrorist organization.

2. It is led and financed by Osama bin Laden (from Saudi Arabia)

When did Al-qaeda form?

1. The beginnings of al-Qaeda go back to the 1980s when the Soviet Union (1978-1988) invaded Afghanistan

2. Bin Laden, and the Arab Afghans, fought the Soviet Union  in Afghanistan for over 10 years

3. The soviet army left in 1988

Desert Storm (Gulf War I)

In 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded the tiny, oil-rich country of Kuwait

The invasion of Kuwait, Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm (1990-1991)

1. Us set up bases in Saudi because Saudi was scared that Iraq was going to invade them

2. Osama Bin Laden wanted to protect his country but Saudi rejected his offer

3. They got offended that Us got bases there because they wanted to protect MEcca, thinks that US is a threat to Mecca and Islam

4. Al-qaeda started to bomb Israel so they would join the war

Operation Desert Shield/Storm

The United States feared Saddam would invade Saudi Arabia too.  The result of further Iraqi invasions could cause unprecedented oil price spikes. 

US and Saudi coalition:

The United States was asked by the Saudis to establish military bases in their country in order to stop an Iraqi advance and conquest of Saudi Arabia.

Saudi’s Choice:

1. Osama bin Laden, back home from Afghanistan, offered the Saudis the use of his soldiers to fight the Iraqi army because Infidel armies have no place in the Holy land of Islam. 

2. Saudis chose the USA as its ally and snubbed bin Laden.  The presence of infidels [non-Muslim people] in the Middle East outraged bin Laden. 

3. War is over February 28, 1991

What did Osama Bin Laden do in 1991?

Bin Laden leaves Saudi Arabia for Sudan 

US in Somalia

1. Dec. 4, 1992, George H.W. Bush sent 28,000 American troops to Somalia.

2. Bush wanted to help the Somali people since all attempts to send food to them were intercepted by war lords.

Black Hawk down

In 1993, 18 Americans died when Black Hawk helicopters were shot down over Mogadishu, Somalia and the resulting gun battles.

1993 - first world trade center bombing

1. Pakistani national Ramzi Yousef was the mastermind of this attack.  He has since been captured, tried, convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the U.S.

2. This attack killed 6 people and injured over 1000.

what happened to Osama bin laden in 1996?

Sudan expels bin Laden, and he returns to Afghanistan

1996 car bombing of Khobar Towers

19 Americans were killed and hundreds injured. 

Fatwa [An Islamic edict demanding action]

In August of 1998, Al Qaeda, led by bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri declare war on America.

East African Embassy Bombings 1998

Two American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed simultaneously [220 people were killed].

Clinton Responds to Embassy Bombings

1. Decides to attack al Qaeda to project US strength in response to attacks against the US.

2. US sent missiles to destroy al Qaeda training camps in Sudan and Afghanistan under Bill Clinton----to little effect.

2000 - Millenium Attacks foiled

1. Jordanian police halted 4 suicide bombings of civilian targets.

2. Four al Qaeda terrorists were arrested, crossing the Canadian border with nitroglycerin in their trunk. Allegedly the group was set to bomb [LAX] LA International Airport.

3. In Yemen, a boat with explosives tried to bomb a navy ship but sank due to being overloaded

USS Cole attack Oct. 2000

In Yemen, Al Qaeda operatives sent a suicide bomber aboard a small speed boat into the USS Cole, a US Navy destroyer, and detonated its bomb, blowing a large hole in the US Navy ship. 17 sailors killed. 

9/11 attacks

1. 2819 people were killed

2. 343 firefighters and paramedics were killed

3. Khalid Sheik Muhhamad was the central Planner of the 9/11. 

   1. Most terrorists were from Saudi Arabia .

Flight 93

Flight 93 crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania instead of its believed destination, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C, because of the heroic efforts of several passengers!

Some closure after 9/11

1. Small hard to detect unmanned remotely controlled aircraft have been used to obtain intelligence and employ missile strikes on targets throughout the Middle East. 

2. On May 2, 2011 terror mastermind Osama bin Laden was killed by US special operations forces inside a walled compound in Pakistan as has been suspected by the US.

2001 Terror attacks and operation Iraqi Freedom (2003-2011)

1. Saddam Hussein hanged on Tv so the people knew

2. US pulls out of Iraq in 2011

3. Insurgency turns into ISIS

Impact of the war on Terror on Middle east:

1. Sparks protests for regime change in Tunisia 

2. Arab Spring

   1. Getting democracy in different Araba countries 

   2. Bouazizi lit himself on fire and became a catalyst for the Tunsian revolution 

3. Then protest start in other countries like algeria, syria, jordan, yemen and many more

4. Many dictatorships ended

5. Gadaffi was a bad dictator in Libya

6. Blew up a plane going over scotland

7. Libya terrorists blew up the plane

8. Afghanistan was not part of the arab spring

Yemen:

1. Been in civil war since 2011

2. Bad humanitarian crisis

3. Babies starving

4. Civil war, one group wanted to overthrow government vs. government

5. Proxy war, iran and saudi arabia (was part of GCC)

6. Saudi Arabia supports the Gov

7. Iran supports rebel group

8. Pro-houthi yemen armed forces are the rebels

   1. They are shia muslim minority

9. G.CC had a plan for new Yemen Gov

10. Aid being used as a weapon

11. 11 mill children needs aid 

12. Houthis control capital and had a upper hand in the war - Yemeni Government belives the help from Iran is the only reason way

13. Proxy war- a conflict initiated by two or more world powers, but in which those powerful countries are not personally involved.

14. It is a stalemate

15. 24 mill need for aid since 2018

Syria:

1. Capital - damascus

2. President is actually a dictator

3. Violently put down protest during Arab spring

4. Made many rebel groups as a result

5. Syria is still in a civil war

6. ISIS is not a major problem any more

ISIS:

1. Wanted to take a control of a lot of land in northern africa and middle east

2. They wanted to make those land a radical land

3. Killey many muslims who did not follow all their viewpoints 

4. Didn’t conquer as much land as they envisioned 

5. Still around today but not as big 

6. Different from al-qaeda