CB Semi-finals

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions taking place inside a cell are collectively known as

Metabolism

Metabolism consists of 2 types of pathways

Energy consuming pathways (anabolic) and energy producing pathways (catabolic)

It is a multi-step sequence of chemical reactions

metabolic pathway

Pathways that regenerate a component are called

cycles

A type of pathway that is endergonic, involves reductions, requires NADPH, and is a divergent process

anabolic pathway

A type of pathway that is exergonic, involves oxidations, requires NAD, and is a convergent process

Catabolic pathway

Dual pathways are also known as

Amphibolic pathways

Energy currency

ATP

Fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems

ATP-ADP cycle

Oxidation is the loss or gain of hydrogen and electrons

Loss

Reduction is the loss or gain of a hydrogen and an electron

Gain

the breakdown of glucose during metabolism is called

cellular respiration

a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and then release waste products

cellular respiration

stage in cellular respiration where initial break down of glucose happens

glycolysis

stage in cell respiration that completes the break down of glucose

citric acid cycle

it is the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase

chemiosmosis

Stage in respiration where electron transport to generate H⁺ gradient and chemiosmosis to produce ATP happen

oxidative phosphorylation

a series of chemical reactions to break down glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

glycolysis

where does glycolysis take place

cytoplasm

what are the products of glycolysis

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

when does pyruvate undergo fermentation

if there’s not enough O₂

what does fermentation produce

lactic acid in animals, ethanol in yeast, acetic acid, methane, other byproducts

where does citric acid cycle occur

mitochondrial matrix

products of citric acid cycle per glucose

2 atp, 8 NADH, 2 FADH₂

a series of chemical reactions that finish the breakdown of glucose

citric acid cycle

where does released energy during citric acid cycle end up?

as high energy electrons in the electron carriers (NADH & FADH₂)

the citric acid cycle is also known as

Krebs cycle or TCA Cycle (tricarboxylic acid)

how many steps does TCA cycle have

8

refers to the addition of a 3rd phosphate to make ATP by a process that depends on oxidation-reduction reactions

oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation occurs in 2 stages. what are these stages

electron transport and chemiosmosis