2 electron groups, 0 lone pairs
eā» geo: linear molecular geo: linear hybridization: sp bond angle: 180Ā°
3 electron groups, 0 lone pairs
eā» geo: trigonal planar molecular geo: trigonal planar hybridization: spĀ² bond angle: 120Ā°
3 electron groups, 1 lone pair
eā» geo: trigonal planar molecular geo: bent hybridization: spĀ² bond angle: <120Ā°
4 electron groups, 0 lone pair
eā» geo: tetrahedral molecular geo: tetrahedral hybridization: spĀ³ bond angle: 109.5Ā°
4 electron groups, 1 lone pair
eā» geo: tetrahedral molecular geo: trigonal pyramidal hybridization: spĀ³ bond angle: <109.5Ā°
4 electron groups, 2 lone pairs
eā» geo: tetrahedral molecular geo: bent hybridization: spĀ³ bond angle: <109.5Ā°
5 electron groups, 0 lone pairs
eā» geo: trigonal bipyramidal molecular geo: trigonal bipyramidal hybridization: spĀ³d bond angle: 120Ā° & 90Ā°
5 electron groups, 1 lone pair
eā» geo: trigonal bipyramidal molecular geo: see saw hybridization: spĀ³d bond angle: <120Ā° & <90Ā°
5 electron groups, 2 lone pairs
eā» geo: trigonal bipyramidal molecular geo: t-shaped hybridization: spĀ³d bond angle: <120Ā° & <90Ā°
5 electron groups, 3 lone pairs
eā» geo: trigonal bipyramidal molecular geo: linear hybridization: spĀ³d bond angle: 180Ā°
6 electron groups, 0 lone pairs
eā» geo: octahedral molecular geo: octahedral hybridization: spĀ³dĀ² bond angle: 90Ā°
6 electron groups, 1 lone pair
eā» geo: octahedral molecular geo: square pyramidal hybridization: spĀ³dĀ² bond angle: <90Ā°
6 electron groups, 2 lone pairs
eā» geo: octahedral molecular geo: square planar hybridization: spĀ³dĀ² bond angle: 90Ā°
6 electron groups, 3 lone pairs
eā» geo: octahedral molecular geo: t-shaped hybridization: spĀ³dĀ² bond angle: <90Ā°
6 electron groups, 4 lone pairs
eā» geo: octahedral molecular geo: linear hybridization: spĀ³dĀ² bond angle: 180Ā°
ionic=
metal + nonmetal
covalent=
non-metal + non-metal
metallic
metals only
ionic bond strength=
strong
covalent bond strength=
weak
metallic bond strength=
strong
ionic is called...
compounds
covalent is called...
molecule or molecular compound
what happens to the electrons of ionics?
transfers electrons from metals to non-metals
what happens to the electrons of covalents?
shares electrons (equally= non-polar, unequal= polar)
what happens to the electrons of metallics?
delocalized (sea of electrons)
ionic: formed from cations/anions?
made of cations (metal) and anions (non-metal)
covalent: formed from cations/anions?
made only of anions
metallic: formed from cations/anions
made only of cations
ionic conductivity
conducts when dissolved in aqueous solution
covalent conductivity
does NOT conduct electricity
metallic conductivity
good conductors of heat and electricity
ionic state of matter
solids at room temp (stronger bonds)
covalent state of matter
liquids or gasses (weaker bonds)
metallic state of matter
solids at room temperature
ionic melting and boiling points
high
covalent melting and boiling points
low
metallic melting and boiling points
high
ionic reason for forming a bond
forms a bond to become stable
covalent reason for forming a bond
forms to become stable
metallic reason for forming a bond
forms to become stable
ionic characteristics include
brittle
covalent characteristics include
network covalent
network covalent
diamond and silicon are very strong bonds
metallic characteristics include
shiny (luster), malleable/ductile
ionic electronegativity values
high electronegativity difference
covalent electronegativity values
low electronegativity difference
metallic electronegativity values
low
ionic bond energy
high
covalent bond energy
low
metallic bond energy
high
ionic bond length
short
covalent bond length
long
metallic bond length
short
Metallics have a short bond length because
electrons don't belong to any atom (= sea of electrons (delocalized))
electricity=
flow of electric charges
cations...
lose electrons and become positive (metals)
anions...
gain electrons and become negative (non-metals)
valence electrons...
involved in bonding and found in the outer most shell
molecular orbit=
region in which shared electrons are found
bond length=
average distance due to electrons moving in the form of a wave
single bond length is
long
single bond strength is
weak
double bond length is
shorter than a single bond
double bond strength is
stronger than a single bond
triple bond length is
the shortest
triple bond strength is
the strongest
bond energy=
the amount of energy required to break the bond in 1 mole of a substance
polar=
unequal sharing of electrons
nonpolar=
equal sharing of electrons
are diatomics polar or nonpolar?
always nonpolar
polar=
opposites