Biol 117 Exam 2

A photoheterotroph would use [x] as an energy source and [y] as a carbon source

x- light
y- organic molecules

A scientist engineers a virus that contains the gene thought to provide bacterial resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin. The scientist then takes a culture of bacteria and divides it in two. One portion is allowed to incubate with the previously mentioned virus, while the other is not. Both bacterial cultures are then placed onto petri plates whose media contain vancomycin. Only the culture grown previously with viruses shows growth of bacterial colonies.
How did these bacteria FIRST come to have resistance to this antibiotic?

transduction

A chemorganoautotroph would use [x] as an energy source and [y] as a carbon source

x- organic molecules
y- carbon dioxide

am staining provides information on which characteristic of a bacterial cell?

cell wall

Viruses are...

not living organisms

Which of these foods are produced using bacteria? Select all that are correct.

saeurkraut
Limburger cheese
vinegar
yogurt
pickles

saeurkraut
Limburger cheese
vinegar
yogurt
pickles

You have at least as many bacterial cells in/on your body than human cells.

true

EVERY taxa in the group "bilateria".....

is multicellular
is triploblastic
has a coelem
is bilaterally symmetrical as adults
is a protostome
is heterotrophic

is multicellular
is triploblastic
is heterotrophic

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ________.

flagellated protist

Which of he following taxa is most closely related to animals?

choanoflagellates

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ALL animals?

true tissues and organs

Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?

stomach—endoderm
muscular—mesoderm
skeletal—mesoderm
skin—ectoderm
nervous—mesoderm

nervous—mesoderm

A nematode is a [x], a human is a [y], while a sponge is a [z]

x- protostome
y-dueterostome
z- none of these

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?

type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)

Chordates.... Multiple answers can be selected

are all dueterostomes
all have a backbone and skull
are triploblastic
always have 4 limbs
lack a body cavity
include the most massive animal that ever lived

are all dueterostomes
are triploblastic
include the most massive animal that ever lived

During a trip to a restaurant you order a dish that contains grapes, yogurt with live cultures, and mushrooms. How many domains of life are present in your dish?

2

During a trip to a sushi restaurant you order and eat a roll that contains mushroom, avocado, and tuna all wrapped in seaweed. How many kingdoms of life did you eat in the roll?

4

Earthworms are _____. Multiple answers can be selected.

comprised of three types of tissue
chordates
annelids
radially symmetrical
bilaterians

comprised of three types of tissue
annelids
bilaterians

Refer to the phlyogenetic tree below to match select tick marks with the appropriate traits. Please note that the branching of cnidaria and ctenophora is slightly different from the phylogeny in lecture.

Trait 1- Multicellularity
Trait 2- True Tissues
Trait 3- Bilateral Symmetry
Trait 6- Radial Symmetry
Trait 10- Segmentation
Trait 14- Complex Nervous System

Select all that are NOT in the taxon Insecta. Multiple options can be selected.

crayfish
centipedes
whip scorpions
beetles

crayfish
centipedes
whip scorpions

Which of the following phyla can be described as bilaterian deuterostomes with true tissues and a coelom, but that lacks cephalization?

echinodermata

Which of the following phyla can be described as bilaterian protostomes that lack a body cavity?

platyhelminthes

You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and NOT an annelid?

It sheds its external cuticle to grow.

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis?

Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.

Certain species of fungi can break down dead plant material by digesting cellulose.

Saprotrophic

Mutualistic relationships can form between fungi and the roots of plants to provide food or nutrients to each organism that each would not be able to obtain on their own.

Mycorrhizal

ome fungi feed on other living organisms. These fungi receive nutrients and shelter from their host, but the host is harmed by the fungi.

Parasitic

There are fungi that form mutualistic relationships with green algae or cyanobacteria.

Lichen-forming

Some fungi live within plant leaves and stems, and may be beneficial for the plant

Endophytic

All fungi are ________.

heterotrophic

Fungi _________.... Multiple answers can be selected

only reproduce asexually
are eukaryotic
are consumers
have cell walls made of cellulose
can be multicellular
can be unicellular
are producers
are prokaryotic

are eukaryotic
are consumers
can be multicellular
can be unicellular

he fungus growing between your toes is a [x], while the fungus you find growing on a fallen log is a [y]

x- parasite
y- saprotroph

Why do fungi produce mushrooms?

to spread spores

Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans?

Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.

fungi are....

photoheterotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
photoautotrophs
chemoautotrophs

chemoheterotrophs

In fungi, the spores are [x], while the zygote is [y]

x- haploid
y- diploid

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts ________.

have four membranes

According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

Bioluminescent dinoflagellates produce light when ________

mechanically agitated

Protists and bacteria are classified into different domains because ________.

protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

Symbiotic dinoflagellates form relationships with animals. The dinoflagellates receive [x] while the animals receive [y]

x- shelter
y- sugars

The cellular slime mold "slug" is a...

protist

Which of the following protist genera cause the greatest human mortality?

plasmodium

Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic?

There is no common set of synapomorphies (shared derive traits) that define a protist

Which of these characteristics are shared by both cyanobacteria and diatoms?

use of light as their source of energy
conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen and organic carbon
presence of chlorophyll
all of the above
none of the above are present in both cyanobacteria and diatoms

all of the above

Which protist taxon is comprised of obligate parasites?

apicomplexans

bacteria and archaea

are prokaryotic (do not have a membrane bound nucleus)

-coccus

round

-bacillus

rod shaped

-spirilla

twisty

diplo-

pairs

strepto-

chains

staphylo-

clusters

gram staining

attached to peptidoglycan

Modes of Horizontal Gene Transfer

conjugation, transduction, transformation

Transformation

DNA from the environment is taken and used

Conjugation

DNA is shared between cells via Pili

Pili

tunnel between bacteria

transduction

virus intermediary

phototroph

from sunlight

chemoorganotroph

from organic molecules

chemolithotroph

from inorganic molecules