Research questions and Hypothesis

Introduction

discusses why there is a need to study the problem.

Clarifies the important terminologies for the reader to easily understand what the research is about.

Establishes the degree of seriousness of the problems

Rationale
basic literature foundation
general objectives
degree of seriousness
setting
overall purpose

What to consider in formulating the introduction

Statement of the problem

the general problem and the specific questions that need to be answered in the research stidy

Factor Isolation Questions

(What Is This?)

it isolates, categorizes, describes or name factors and situations.

Factor Relating Questions

(What Is Happening?)

determines the relationship among factors that have been identified.

Situation Relating Questions

(What IF?)

Usually yields hypotheses testing and combined with experimental study designs in which the researcher manipulates the variables to see what will happen.

Situation Producing Questions

(How can I make it happen?)

Establishes explicit goals to develop plans for actions or prescriptions to achieve the goals and specify the conditions under these goals that need to be accomplished

Hypotheses

a tentative statement or prediction (Cherry, 2024)

Simple Hypothesis

predicting a relationship between two variables

complex hpothesis

predicting a relationship between two or MORE variables

Directional hypothesis

specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship of variables

Non directional hypothesis

Does not stipulate the direction of the variables

Null Hypothesis

Always expressed as a negative statement

Alternative Hypothesis

Always express as a positive statement

Conceptual framework

Visual and written representation of key concepts, variables, and relationship within a research study

INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (IPO)

Conceptual framework that is used to illustrate how inputs are transformed into outputs through a series of processes

Independent Variable - Dependent variable (IV-DV)

Experimental studies use this conceptual framework to manipulate the variables and see how it affects the dependent variables

Predictor Criterion (PC Model)

Observe no manipulation used in this conceptual framework.

Used in non-experimental studies where the focus is on predicting one variable to another

Proposed Original Model (POM)

visuals or written representation of researchers proposed new model to address a research poroblem

Theoretical Framework

A foundational review of existing theories

- shows supporting theories

• backbone of the study

Definition of terms

part of the paper that explains a terminology used throughout the study

conceptual

definition of terms that uses the literal meaning of words

operational

definition of terms that uses the explanation on how we measure, or study the words, or how we understand or use the words in the paper.

Research problem

a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that you aim to address in your research.S

Experiences
RRL
Previous research findings
Discussions with experts

Sources of quantitative research problems

Research Title

Summarizes the main idea of the paper

- concise statement of the topic

- includes the major variables and relationship

- mentions the participants

Background of the Study

the purpose of this is to introduce the research problem, clarify the important variables, discuss its delimitations, and specify its significance to the field of study

it has:

introduction
statement of the problem
scope and delimitation
significance of the study