A&P 2 Final

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton

protecting the spinal cord

Osseous tissue is a(n) _____ tissue

connective

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone

transitional epithelium

The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult’s epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the _____

epiphyseal line

The cortex of the long bone’s diaphysis is made of _____

compact bone

A long bone is converted externally with a sheath called the _____,__ whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ____

periosteum; endosteum

What most directly inhibits release of GNRH from the hypothalamus

Release of progresterone

Bone-forming cells are called _____

osteoblasts

When ___ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____

osteoblasts; osteocytes

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix

hydroxyapatite

Spicules and trabeculae are found in _____

spongy bone

The hardness of bone comes from _____,__ whereas _____ provides(s) some degree of flexibility

hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)

yellow bone marrow

It is common to find _____ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone

central canals

Intramembranous ossification produces the

flat bone of the skull

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _____, which is replaced by bone

hyaline cartilage

Bone elongation is a result of _____

osseous tissue growth

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the _____

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

The source of progesterone in the 4-day cycle is

corpus luteum

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates ____ secretion, which leads to _____

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect _____

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) _____ fracture

pathologic

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

Which of the following is not a major joint category

Elastic

Unlike other joints, a _____ does not join two bones to one another

gomphosis

What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common

these are all fibrous joints

The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long in a child are bound by a

synchondrosis

The least moveable joints are _____ joints

Synostosis

The most moveable joints are _____ joints

synovial

The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called _____

articular cartilage

When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints _____ to lift your body weight up

Extend

The movement of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly is called

pronation

Given the GSI (gonadosomatic index) values below, which color treatment would indicate the treatment of only estrogen injections

Red = 0.86g

Orange = 0.99g

Black = 1.25g

Green = 2.44g

Black

Repolarization of the atria occurs during the _____ on an EKG

QRS complex

What happens to the total cross-sectional areas and velocity of blood flow as the diameter of the vessels decrease

Cross-sectional area increases; velocity decreases

What structure within blood vessels can cause vasodilation and vasoconstriction through smooth muscle being arranged circularly around the vessel

Tunica media

Which of the following are functions of the pericardium

Prevent distention and act as an achor

The right atrium DOES NOT receive blood from which of the following vessles

Right pulmonary vein

What is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Cardiac output

How many valves does a RBC, starting in the right atrium, go through to end up in the left atrium

2

Which type of capillary has NO fenestrae

Continuous

If there was a blockage after the AV node, it might be more difficult to

Allow the impulse to pass through the ‘skeletal’ plate

At the time of ventricular systole, which would not be occurring

P wave

An ECG is a written record of

Depolarization and repolarization

During atrial systole, which of the following is true

atrioventricular valves are closed

If 100 ml were ejected from the heart each time it beat, and you’re heart beat 100 times per minute, what is your stroke volume

100 ml/min

The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery becuase

Capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement membrane

Which kind of vessel provides a bypass for a capillary bed

Metarteriole

E.Z. Goen is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When E.Z. asks asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in

The inside lining of the heart

Mean arterial pressure is

Cardiac output times peripheral resistance

What is systole

Contraction of a chamber

The heart can be intrinsically regulated by

Preloads and afterloads

Capillary walls consists mostly of

Simple squamous epithelium

Substances primarily move through capillary walls by

Diffusion

Where do action potentials typically originate in the heart

SA Nodes

The blood in the right atrium will pass next when the artia contract

Tricuspid valve

On what part of hemoglobin molecules does oxygen bind to

Heme

Which of the following is not a function of blood

Bone remodeling

What is the normal ratio of formed elements to plasma

45:55

_____ is a type of WBC movement where cells become thin, elongate, and move between or through endothelial cells of capillaries, while _____ is a type of WBC movement where the cell is attracted to and moves towards foreign materials or damaged cells

Diapedesis, chemotaxis

Which of the following is not a granulocyte

Monocytes

Which is NOT a protein typically found in blood plasms

Fibrin

If a Rh negative mother gives birth to an Rh+ baby without medical attention, what is the primary danger to her next Rh+ fetus

The baby’s blood cells will agglutinate

If you are type B+, which is true

You have two kinds of antigens

A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type ___ and can receive RBCs from someone of type ____

AB, O

The cessation of bleeding is specifically called

Hemostasis

The structural framework of a blood clot is formed by

Fibrin strand (polymer)

Where in the body are hemopoietic stem cells found

Red bone marrow

Arrange the following structures in order air passes through them during inhalation

1) alveolar ducts

2) alveolus

3) respiratory bronchiole

4) terminal bronchiole

4,3,1,2

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain

Smooth muscle

Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the

Alveoli

Constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles

Restricts the flow of air into the lungs

In which of the following sequences does PO2 progressively decrease

Atmospheric air, blood in aorta, body tissues

Blood oxygen levels

Within the normal PO2 range have little effect on regulation of respiration

The major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of

Carbon dioxide

Internal respiration refers to

Gas exchange between the blood and body tissues

What is the function of the ciliated epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree

A mucus-cilia escalator

Which of the following structures opens directly into the nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation

1) Diaphragm

2) External intercostals

3) Internal intercostals

4) Rectus abdominis

1,2

Ventilation refers to the

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

The nasal septum

Divides the nose into right and left chambers

Which of the following respiratory membrane layers is closest to air in the alveolus

Surfactant layer

The Bohr effect refers to the

Effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

The chloride shift refers to the

Exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane

The chemo sensitive area of the brain is located in the

Medulla oblongota

After hyperventilating for several minutes, a person may develop short periods of apnea because

The level of CO2 decreases below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center

Which of the following is a passageway for both air and food

Pharynx

A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. Which of the following is the correct pathway to the trachea

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

The auditory tubes open into the

Nasopharynx

The trachea

Has “C” shaped cartilages that form its anterior and lateral sides

Of the following structures, the largest in diameter is the

Trachea

During exercise, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Shifts to the right

Most oxygen is carried in the blood ___; but most carbon dioxide is ___

Bound to hemoglobin; in the form of bicarbonate ions

As acidity increases, how does this affect the affinity of hemoglobin for the oxygen it carries

Oxyhemoglobin affinity decreases

Peripheral chemoreceptors can be found

Near the carotid bodies

When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the

Blood becomes more acidic

The walls of the alveoli

Are composed of simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following individuals will have the highest vital capacity

A well trained athlete

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of

Diffusion

Which of the following increases the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane

Increased surface area of the respiratory membrane