NRES 250 Exam #1 UWSP

What happened in each Era to give rise to the next Era?

Change in animal population due to over exploitation

How did wildlife management change or evolve in each Era and how did species focus change?

Increase in healthy management and hunting practices and to more balanced ecosystem practices

1600 -1849 Era of Abundance (Apple)

Wildlife were everywhere, no regulations

1850 -1899 Era of Over Exploitation (Orchards)

over exploitation of game species, or any hunted species

1900 -1929 Era of Protection (Prevent)

Hunting regulations, Bag Limits, Predator Control

1930 -1965 Era of Game Management (Gay)

Management of species and habitats, Taxes on Hunting equipment - Pittman Robertson Act

1965 - present Era of Environmental Management (Excitement)

Habitats and Ecology, Species Restoration and Captive Breeding

What is the Pittman-Robertson Act?

a tax placed on hunting equipment and hunting licenses that funds wildlife management efforts in the states.

Methods for determining economic value and how value is determined

Direct Expenditure Method

Market Value Willingness to Pay

Direct Expenditure Method

Money spent while participating in activity

Market Value

the amount for which something can be sold on a given market.

Consumptive Uses

Takes away from the environment or affects/alters the environment

Non-Consumptive Uses

Does NOT affect the environment with little to no interactions

How does money spent compare among anglers, wildlife watchers, and hunters?

Wildlife watchers spend the most overall followed by anglers then hunters

What are some new ways that economic value has been determined for wildlife?

Property value of homes close to wildlife refuges, Spiritual Importance

Elephant example in Botswana

The people who live in Botswana want hunting to come back due to the large amount of nuisance elephants. They trample people, starve livestock, and cause many problems. But tourism is a large income in Botswana, and those tourists come to Botswana due to the no hunting policy that is currently in place

What is DMAP and how does the public view it?

The Deer Management Assistance Program aids land owners in managing their deer population as well as improving DNR public relations.

Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Physiological and Neurological mechanisms

Proximate Causes of Behavior

Survival or Reproductive Benefit

Circannual rhythm

behavior patterns that occur predictably over a year

Circadian rhythm

behavior patterns that occur predictably over a day

Taxis

coordinated movement towards or away from a stimulus

Imprinting

Association between early visual stimulus and an individual of the same species

Home Range

Area where an individual usually travels during daily activities

Territory

Portion of home range that is defended against similar species

Promiscuous

No pair bonds

Polygyny

One male w/ many females

Polyandry

One female w/ many males

Learned Behaviors

trial and error, easily modified

Innate Behaviors

Genetically programmed, reflex, not easily modified

Altricial Species

require more parental care

Precocial Species

alert and well developed after a few days

Hierarchies

status system in animal species

Altruism

care giving is costly

Kin Selection

benefits relatives

Reproductive strategies

Leave as many offspring as possible

Why do animals maintain territories

They maintain territories for food sources and other necessary life materials

Posturing

Has to been done in very close proximity

Auditory

can be done without visual contact

Visual

can be done in close proximity but not far distances

Pheromones

can be done wherever, whenever

How can we use behavioral information in management

We can utilize behavioral information to make species management population decisions and hunting regulations

North American Model of Wildlife Conservation

Wildlife is public property

Dingell-Johnson Act (1950)

a tax placed on fishing equipment and fishing licenses that funds fishery management efforts in the states.

Optimum sustainable yield

Optimum sustainable yield considers the ecological and socioeconomic factors.

Maximum sustainable yield

Optimum sustainable yield considers the ecological and socioeconomic factors.

Types of harvest regulations currently used

Bag limits, Weight limits, Length limits

What is Tragedy Of The Commons?

The overuse and depletion of a public resource

What is a representative sample

A sample of the population

Why do biologists sample populations

To understand the populations dynamics such as age, gender, and size

Understand Gear Selectivity

Different gears have different selectivity which results in different bias

What is bias in our data

Difference or distance between an estimate

value and the "true" parameter

Common Sampling Gears

Gill Nets

Electrofishing

Rocket Nets

Mist Nets

Gill Nets

Nets that drift on the bottom and midwater to trap and catch fish by the gills. Lethal. Selective due to size of hole in net

Electrofishing

capturing fish for sample removal (scales) for later aging using electricity to shock and stun them- released alive

Rocket Nets

-Expensive (rocket propellant)

-Animal stressing

-Can fire easily over large animals

mist nets

very fine netting spread between trees;' can entangle flying birds and bats

Has forest area changed over time, if so do we have more or less today

Significantly less

In absolute area, what was forest area 100 years ago

769 million acres

In absolute area, what was forest area pre-settlement

1038 million acres

In absolute area, what is forest area today

750 million acres

How was fired historically used by Native Americans

To clear openings for villages

To clear openings for agricultural uses

What attitude did settlers 400 years ago have about forests

Plymouth Colony 1627 and Pennslyvania 1681

Broad Arrow Policy 1691

What is the public domain and why did the federal government develop it

Government used and sold public domain in order to promote settlement and pay debts

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying a small filing fee

Morrill Land Grant Acts of 1862

federal land given to states to help finance agricultural colleges

Timber and Stone Act of 1878

gave a discounted price on lands deemed "unfit for agriculture"

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Authorized the President to set aside public forests as National Parks and other reserves

Organic Act of 1897

as the first step toward legislation concerning the management, protection and care of the nation's forest reserves.

McSweeny-McNary Forest Research Act of 1928

Established inventorying & monitoring activities of forest service

Multiple Use Act of 1928

Managed land for multiple uses

What was the take home message for early conservationists/preservationists in the 1860's to early 1900's

Preserve more land

What are some important environmental variables (drivers/factors) of forest biomes

Climate and soils

- Geography and ecology

- Ecophysiology factors

• water,

• nutrients,

• solar radiation,

• temperature

- Anthropogenic (human)

What is Physiognomy?

Similar climates

similar vegetation appearance

How do continental and coastal regions influence climate

Continental

- Greater climatic extremes

- Cooler winters, hotter summers

• Coastal

- Thermal buffering by water body

- Ocean current direction

What are common vegetative features of forest biomes we discussed

What are common climatic features of forest biomes we discussed

What are common soil features of forest biomes we discussed

What prevalent forest types exist in Wisconsin

Aspen

Oak and Hickory

Pine

What percentage of the land mass in Wisconsin is forested

45%

Ways to define forest structure

Even aged (mostly similar aged)

Uneven aged (several age classes, 3 or more)

Diameter distributions used to infer age classes

What is a stand of trees?

Uniformity in ...

Age Class

Composition

Structure

Tree Range

Current natural location

Tree Habit

Plant form

Tree Habitat

Site conditions found on

Important environment factors that influence and explain where trees grow

Climate

Precipitation

Ways to define forest composition

Pure (one species)

Mixed (several species, 2 or more)

Parts of a tree

Crown, bole, roots

Physiology of a tree

Photosynthesis

Storage of Sugars in Phloem

Energy Storage in Bark

Primary Growth

Buds and Root Tips

Secondary Growth

Cambium

Autoecology

ecology of an individual species

Synecology

natural communities and ecosystems

Trees regenerate sexually by

seeds (Wind, Animals, Mechanical)

trees regenerate asexually by

fragments, root sprouts, stump sprouting

Tree regeneration is limited by

moisture, temperature, pH, light

Environmental Gradient

a gradual change in abiotic factors through space (or time)

How does an environmental gradient affect where tree species grow

They limit growing conditions, optimal pH, climate, precipitation

Primary Succession

Bare rock (volcanic

eruptions), severe disturbed soil (retreating

glaciers, sand dunes)

Secondary Succession

From a setback ...disturbance