Unit 5: AP World Vocabulary (Nixa)

Abolitionism

The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

Adam Smith

Advocated for a laissez-faire approach to governmental intervention in the economy.

Agricultural Revolution

Resulted in increased productivity and outputs in crops, leading to increased availability of food.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility towards Jews.

Baron Montesquieu

Believed in the separation of powers in government.

Bessemer Process

A more efficient way to produce steel.

Bourgeoisie

Included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.

Capitalism

Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.

Coaling Stations

Important refueling spots along trade routes.

Matthew Perry

Member of US Navy that sailed into Tokyo Bay asking for trading privileges with Japan.

Communist Manifesto

Summarized the critiques of capitalism by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Corporations

A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders.

Cottage Industry

System in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

Creoles

Born of European ancestry in the Americas, well educated and aware of the ideas behind the revolutions in North America and France.

Crop Rotation

Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

French document declaring basic human rights.

Division of Labor

The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

Enlightenment

The emphasis of reason over tradition and individualism over community values.

Factory System

Manufacturing method involving centralizing workers and machinery in a factory, using a division of labor, and mechanizing the production process.

Feminism

Movement advocating for women's rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.

Industrial Revolution

The new ideas and technologies that were reshaping societies and led to dramatic changes in world economies.

Industrialization

The increased mechanization of production, and the social changes that accompanied this shift.

Interchangeable Parts

If a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Developed the concept of the General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will.

John Locke

Believed people had the natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.

Karl Marx

German scholar and writer who argued for socialism.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract.

Laissez-faire

French phrase meaning "leave alone."

Mary Wollstonecraft

Believed females should receive the same education as males which would prepare them to participate in political and professional society, thus enabling them to support themselves rather than relying on men.

Means of Production

The various machines, factories, mines, and land owned by the bourgeoisie.

Meiji Restoration

Political revolution, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, leading to a period of rapid modernization and Westernization in Japan, including adopting Western ideas and technology to become a major world power.

Monopoly

Control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.

Nationalism

Feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture.

Peninsulares

Colonists in the Americas that were born in either Spain or Portugal, giving them a sense of superiority to other colonists.

Proletariart

Essentially the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation.

Reign of Terror

Period during the French Revolution in which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen.

Seed Drill

Device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground.

Simon Bolivar

Creole known as the Liberator that promoted independence for what would one day become Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Social Contract

People would give up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order.

Socialism

Refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production.

Spinning Jenny

Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

Steam Engine

Provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories.

Stockholders

Individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market.

Thomas Paine

Advocated for liberty from Britain which made him popular in America, but his anti-church writings damaged his popularity.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Former slave and leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Urbanization

The process of making an area more urban.

Voltaire

Campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform.

White-Collar

Group within the middle class that consisted of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals.

Working Class

Those that labored in factories and coal mines, typically at the bottom runs of the social hierarchy.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.