Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering structure, properties, and functions of hydroxyl, amino, methyl, carboxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl, and carbonyl functional groups.

The functional group depicted in the structure, which consists of 1 hydrogen atom covalently bonded to 1 oxygen atom, is the __________ group.

hydroxyl

The hydroxyl group ($\text{-OH}$) is polar due to the more electronegative oxygen atom, giving it __________ bond capabilities.

hydrogen

Hydroxyl groups participate in __________ reactions that link simple biological molecules into long chains by removing the hydroxyl group from a monomer.

dehydration

In the reaction shown, the __________ group acts as a base by picking up an $\text{H}^+$ ion to form $\text{NH}_3^+$

amino

Organic compounds containing an amino group ($\text{-NH}_2$) are classified as __________.

amines

When an amino group picks up an $\text{H}^+$, it lowers the number of H in solution and increases $\text{OH}^-$, which moves the pH to the __________.

right/higher

The nonpolar functional group shown attached to the ring structure, consisting of 1 carbon atom covalently bound to 3 hydrogen atoms, is a __________ group.

methyl

Methylated DNA affects gene expression because the methyl group blocks a reactive functional group, causing the gene to stop producing __________.

proteins

The ionization equilibrium shown in the figure represents a __________ group releasing an $\text{H}^+$ proton into solution.

carboxyl

In its deprotonated state ($\text{R-COO}^-$), a carboxyl group can form __________ bonds with other positively charged compounds.

ionic

The phosphate group ($\text{-OPO}_3^{2-}$) consists of one phosphorus atom and __________ oxygen atoms.

four

The addition of a phosphate group to activate proteins in a cell is known as __________.

phosphorylation

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is made up of adenosine and __________ phosphate groups.

three

Phosphate serves as an important __________ in cells to keep the pH neutral.

buffer

The functional group containing a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom ($\text{-SH}$), as shown in the molecule, is the __________ group.

sulfhydryl

Organic compounds containing sulfhydryl groups are called __________.

thiols

Cross-linking between two sulfhydryl groups creates rigid 3-D formations that stabilize the __________ structure of a protein.

tertiary

In the structure shown, a carbonyl group ($>\text{C=O}$) located at the end of a carbon skeleton forms an __________.

aldehyde

A carbonyl group located within a carbon skeleton forms a compound classified as a ________.

ketone

Ketones and aldehydes that share the same molecular formula may be __________ isomers.

structural