Genetic Variation and Mutations

These flashcards cover key concepts related to genetic variation, mutations, and their implications in evolution and phenotypic traits.

Heritable Variation

Genetic differences that can be passed from parents to offspring.

Somatic Mutation

A mutation that affects cells in the body of an organism and is not passed on to offspring.

Germline Mutation

A mutation that affects the gametes and can be transmitted to offspring.

Point Mutation

A mutation where a single nucleotide is replaced by another.

Insertion Mutation

A mutation where a segment of DNA is added into an existing sequence.

Deletion Mutation

A mutation where a segment of DNA is removed from a sequence.

Frameshift Mutation

A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame.

Inversion

A mutation in which a segment of DNA is reversed and inserted back into its original location.

Chromosome Fusion

A mutation in which two chromosomes are joined together.

Genome Duplication

A mutation involving the duplication of the entire genome.

Gene Duplication

A mutation where a segment of DNA is duplicated.

Genetic Recombination

The exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis.

Independent Assortment

The random orientation and separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes during meiosis.

Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual.

Genetic Polymorphism

The occurrence of two or more distinct phenotypes within a population due to alternative alleles.

Polyphenism

The phenomenon where multiple phenotypes arise from a single genotype based on environmental factors.

Quantitative Traits

Traits that show continuous variation and are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.