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Plasma membrane
The outer boundary of a cell that regulates exchange with the environment and provides physical isolation.
Cytoplasm
The material between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane that contains organelles and inclusions.
Cytosol
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that suspends organelles and inclusions.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A network of membranous channels involved in the synthesis, storage, and transport of materials.
Golgi apparatus
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Lysosomes
Intracellular vesicles containing digestive enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials.
Mitochondria
Organelles responsible for producing ATP, the main energy carrier in cells.
Cell differentiation
The process through which cells become specialized in structure and function.
Phospholipid bilayer
The fundamental structure of the plasma membrane that forms a physical barrier between the cell's internal and external environments.
Gene
A segment of DNA that serves as a hereditary unit and codes for a specific protein.
Carcinoma
A type of cancer that arises in epithelial tissue.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another, establishing secondary tumors.
Apocrine sweat glands
Glands located in specific areas that secrete a cloudy, potentially odorous fluid into hair follicles.
Eccrine sweat glands
Glands that secrete sweat directly onto the surface of the skin for thermoregulation.
Melanocytes
Specialized cells in the epidermis responsible for the production of melanin.
Keratinocytes
The most abundant cells in the epidermis that produce keratin.
Sebaceous glands
Glands that secrete sebum to lubricate hair and skin.
Stratum corneum
The outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead, keratinized cells.
Adipose tissue
A type of connective tissue that stores energy in the form of triglycerides.
Fibroblasts
The primary cells found in connective tissue proper that produce fibers and ground substance.
Healing process
The series of steps, including inflammation and regeneration, that occurs after tissue injury.
