Studied by 6 people
Empowerment
The increase in the capacity of people to bring about an intended outcome.
the “power to” approach
The ability to bring about an intended outcome.
education
This is likely the best known approach to empowerment. Education helps people to develop the skills to assess their situation, know what must be done, and get the skills needed to reach their goals.
persuasion
to gets people’s compliance by convincing them of the correctness of your position and goals.
legitimate power
power that is voluntarily accepted by those subject to it.
Dorothy Smith’s standpoint theory
a theory that questions taken for granted assumptions about society by looking at it from multiple viewpoints, especially from the perspective of people in subordinate positions.
How does inequality come about?
Different groups having various degrees of power in a society.
Which variable did Karl Marx believe was the most important when examining a class?
People's relationship to the means of production. Marx believed that the connection with the means of production assists in categorizing the individuals.
Life chances
The opportunities offered by a person’s economic standing.
Discrimination
Treating others unequally based on their background or other personal characteristics
Which group of parents is most likely to raise their children to be independent?
Educated people in a higher class with a good education. Poorer, less educated people will likely encourage obedience.
What is the hidden curriculum?
The lessons students learn simply by attending school, in contrast to the lessons from the formal subject-specific curriculum.
Occupational socialization
The process of learning the informal norms associated with a type of employment.
At what stage in life to peers serve as a surrogate family?
As adolescents when they are growing more and more independent of their families.
What are the agents of socialization?
They are people and groups who teach us about our culture.
Which agent encourages the discussion of non-material values?
Religion
What is the most common life course pattern for men in the US?
Work, marriage, parenthood.
How is the life course sequence for men and women in the US?
For women, it could be work, marriage, parenthood, like mens, or it could instead be work, marriage, unemployment, and parenthood.
What percentage of women 65+ live alone in the US?
32% (18% for men in the same group)
Karl Mannheim’s argument over groups and their shared experiences found what?
People are significantly influenced by the socio-historical environment of their youth (basically covid for us) on the basis of shared experience, to social cohorts that in their turn influence events that shape future generations.
biological determinism
the “nature” side of “nature vs nurture”; says that biology, specifically genetic makeup, almost completely shapes human behavior and action.
social determinism
the “nurture” side of “nature vs. nurture”; says that culture and the social environment almost completely shapes human behavior and action.
What is Isabelle known for in the textbook?
“Isabelle”(a pseudonym) was the child of a deaf and mute unmarried woman in the 1930’s. During this time, “illegitimate” children faced intense social disapproval, so she and her mother were kept away from the rest of their family in a dark room. Isabelle’s first 6.5 years of life were in that room. When she was found, she was mentally incapacitated. She wasn’t able to speak, and only made a “strange croaking sound,” she was described to act like “a wild animal.” Specialists were able to figure out that she had normal hearing and vision, but she scored almost zero on a verbal test, and her social maturity test ranked her at the level of a 2.5 year old. With intense training, Isabelle quickly learned to speak, write, and do basic math, and within 2 years, she caught up to other children her age. She was able to function completely normally in school and other activities with children her age.
intersubjectivity
a common understanding between people about knowledge, reality, or an experience.
Thomas theorem
the idea that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
stereotypes
exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of people that do not acknowledge individual variation.
Berger and Luckman
They are responsible for The Social Construction Of Reality. Which they state is the process where people create society through their actions/interactions and that the social world isn't natural or inevitable since society is an objective reality and a man-made thing.
Externalization
where people make society through a process of mental/physical activities. Like making a new friend and building a relationship.
Objectivation
(Part of three-stage theory on how individuals construct social reality) Where social arrangements seem to become real, and society seems natural/inevitable instead of a human creation. (You and your friend call each other "friend" and others recognize your relationship.)
Internalization
(Part of three-stage theory on how individuals construct social reality) Where we learn about society's culture and establish a view of the world. Humans start to be influenced by their own products. ( Like feeling obliged to do certain things to meet the expectations associated with the relationship. Like helping a friend move even though you want to go to sleep)
status
a position in a social system that can be occupied by an individual
status set
the collection of statuses that an individual holds.
role
the sets of expected behaviors that are associated with particular statuses.
role set
describes various roles and relationships as a consequence of a person's societal status. ( A role set can include connected behaviors, rights, obligations, norms, and beliefs as actualized in social situations by people.)
ascribed status
a social position that is assigned to us from birth or that we assume later in life, regardless of our wishes or abilities.
master status
a social position that is overwhelmingly significant, powerfully influences a person’s social experience, and typically overshadows all the other social positions that person may occupy.
primary groups
people who have regular contact, enduring relationships, and a significant emotional attachment to each other.
secondary groups
people who interact in a relatively impersonal way, usually to carry out some specific task.
reference group
the groups against which we choose to measure ourselves.
organizations
secondary groups that have a degree of formal structure and are formed to accomplish particular tasks.
bureaucracies
A hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures used to manage organizations. They usually have a division of labor, impersonality, written rules/records, a hierarchy of authority and accountability.
in-group
a social group with which a person identifies and toward which they have positive feelings; members have a collective sense of “us.”
out-groups
a social group toward which a person has negative feelings, considering its members to be inferiors, or “them”
Solomon Asch and his experiments on conformity
They suggested that group pressure and make conformity. Group members were given four lines and had to figure out which two matched ( We did this in class). Some participants had been prompted the wrong answer beforehand by the experimenter. (An obviously wrong answer) But once they said it out, the others agreed with them.
stigma
the shame attached to a behavior or status that is considered socially unacceptable or discrediting.
What causes people to engage in deviant behavior according to the sociological perspective?
By the differential association theory, which says that deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior.
medicalization of deviance
the designation of deviant behavior as an illness that can be treated by medical professionals
differential association theory
a theory that deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior.
loner deviance
the activities of individuals who commit deviant acts without the social support of other participants.
Youth crime primarily occurs due to what factor?
in response to blocked opportunities and the context of long-term inequality as young people look for more opportunities to get ahead.
how power relates to deviance
Power can control deviance or allow it to flourish
Agents of social control, what did Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon accomplish?
Family, schools, and religions are social agents. Allows prisoners to live with the idea of always being watched.
hate crime
those motivated by bias against a victim's race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation or disability.
What has been the trend for crime in the US since the 1990s?
Crime was at its peak in 1990 but began to decline ever since then.
What describes the reality of equality before the law in the US?
some groups are treated more severely than others, black people are being arrested more, and poor people are more severely punished.
Racial disparities in the US criminal justice system are attributable to what kinds of inequalities?
different administrations of punishment are attributable to the racial disparities in the US
Recidivism in the US?
The rate of going back to prison or doing a crime again is very high.
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Flashcard