Phiso Final study guide

Superior

above

Inferior

Inferior

Anterior (ventral)

front

Posterior (dorsal)

back

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

closer to point of attachment

Distal

farther from point of attachment

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

away from the surface

Integumentary fuction

protection, temperature regulation, sensation

Skeletal function

support, protection, blood cell formation

Muscular function

movement, heat production

Nervous function

fast communication, control

Endocrine function

hormone regulation

Cardiovascular function

transport of oxygen, nutrients, wastes

Lymphatic/Immune function

defense, fluid return

Respiratory function

gas exchange

Digestive function

nutrient breakdown and absorption

Urinary function

waste removal, fluid balance

Reproductive function

produce offspring

Integumentary organs

skin, hair, nails, glands

Skeletal organs

bones, cartilage, ligaments

Muscular organs

skeletal muscles

Nervous organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine organs

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands

Cardiovascular organs

heart, blood vessels

Respiratory organs

lungs, trachea

Digestive organs

stomach, intestines, liver

Urinary organs

kidneys, bladder

Reproductive organs

ovaries/testes, uterus, prostate

Most Abundant Cell in Epidermis

Keratinocytes

Keratinocytes

produce keratin for protection

Melanocytes

produce melanin (skin color, UV protection)

Langerhans (dendritic) cells

immune defense

Merkel cells

touch sensation

Protein That Makes Skin Tough

Keratin

Stratum basale

cell division, melanocytes

Stratum spinosum

strength, flexibility

Stratum granulosum

cells dying, keratin forming

Stratum lucidum

only in thick skin

Stratum corneum

dead, protective cells

Papillary layer

thin, capillaries, touch receptors

Reticular layer

thick, collagen, blood vessels, glands

Sebaceous

oil (sebum) for lubrication

Eccrine sweat glands

temperature regulation

Apocrine sweat glands

odor, stress-related

Lanugo

fetal hair

Vellus

fine body hair

Terminal

thick, dark hair (head, eyebrows)

Albinism

lack of melanin

Vitiligo

patchy loss of pigment

Cyanosis

blue (low oxygen)

Jaundice

yellow (liver issues)

Erythema

redness (inflammation)

Hypodermis

fat, insulation

Epidermis

outer protective layer

Reticular dermis

deep, thick layer

Papillary dermis

superficial dermis

First-degree burn

epidermis only (red, painful)

Second-degree burn

epidermis + dermis (blisters)

Third-degree burn

all layers destroyed (white, numb)

Rule of Nines

Estimates % of body burned using body sections (each ~9%)

Cleavage Lines

Lines of natural collagen orientation; cuts parallel heal better

Why Nails Appear Pink

Blood vessels in the dermis show through

Basal cell carcinoma

least dangerous, slow growing

Squamous cell carcinoma

spreads if untreated

Melanoma

most dangerous, spreads quickly

What Dermis Has That Epidermis Does Not

Blood vessels, nerves, glands

Protection

barrier against injury and microbes

Temperature regulation

sweat and blood flow

Sensation

touch, pain, heat

Excretion

sweat removes waste

Why People Have Different Skin Colors

Differences in melanin amount and distribution, not number of melanocytes