Chapter 3 - Mental Representations

Mental representation

a mental structure that corresponds to an object, an idea, a collection of information, or anything else concrete or abstract that the brain is thinking about

Mental representations

preexisting patterns of information that are held in long-term memory and that can be used to respond quickly and effectively in certain types of situations

Aural representation

a clear idea of what a piece should sound like

better, memory

==Study:==

The more accomplished soccer players:

* Were much _____ at deciding what the player with the ball should do in the future
* Had a better _____ for where the relevant players were located and in what direction they were moving

representations

==Study:==

Highly successful insurance sales agents had much more complex and integrated mental ______ so they could figure out what to do more quickly and more accurately in any given situation

developed

Highly _____ mental processes are seen in expert performers in every field

context

The memory of chess masters is very _______-dependent since it is only for patterns of the sort that would appear in a normal game

predictor

The amount of time spent on studying games played by masters is the single most important ______ of a chess player’s ability

chunks

For chess masters, the patterns of chess pieces are held in long-term memory in _____, which are organized hierarchically

masters

Mental representations allow chess ______ to get an immediate sense of which side has the advantage, which directions the game might take, and what a good move or moves might be

activity

Deliberate practice involves developing more efficient mental representations that you can use in whatever ____ you are practicing

skill

Mental representations are very “domain specific” so that they apply to only the _____ for which they are developed

quickly

Mental representations make it possible to process large amounts of information _____

life

Without mental representations, we couldn’t talk, walk or live any sort of human ____

representations

Expert performers develop highly complex and sophisticated _____ of the various situations they are likely to encounter in their fields

brains

The years of practice of experts have changed the neural circuitry in their _____ to produce highly specialized mental representations

decisions

Effective mental representations allow a quarterback to make good _____ quickly

type, grip

Experienced climbers automatically identify each hold accordingly to the _____ of grip it requires, and their brains send a signal to their hands preparing them to form the corresponding ____

understands

The key factor in determining a person’s comprehension of a story about football or baseball game is how much that person already ________ about the sport

new

The more you study a subject, the more detailed your mental representations of it become, and the better you get at assimilating _____ information

mental

A doctor diagnosing a patient with a complex set of symptoms must use his/her ______ representations

once

Expert diagnosticians have built sophisticated mental representations that let them consider a number of different facts at ______

patterns

Expert diagnosticians tend to see symptoms and other relevant data as pieces of larger ______

surgery

Surgeons often visualize an entire ________ before making the 1st incision

modify

Expert performers monitor and evaluate their performance, and when necessary, they _____ their mental representations to make them more effective

feedback

Advanced musicians have a very detailed mental representation of the music they use to guide their practice and provide their own ______

mistakes

The more accomplished music students were better able to determine when they had made _____ and to identify difficult sections they needed to focus more on

better

The relationship between skill and mental representations is a virtuous circle because the more skilled you are, the ______ your mental representations are