Human Biology Week 10

Cardiovascular system II

Pulmonary circuit

oxygenates blood (right side)

Systemic circuit

delivers O2 to cells (left side)

Heart location

pericardial cavity

Pericardium

serous membrane surrounding heart

Fibrous pericardium

outer

Serous pericardium

outer parietal later, inner visceral = epicardium. secretes serous fluid

Blood flow R

RA receives blood from body, passes through RT AV valve, RV pumps blood to lungs

Blood flow L

LA receives blood from lungs, passes through LT AV valve, LV pumps blood to body

Vagus nerve

decreases heart rate

Sympathetic cardiac nerve

increase heart rate

Sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

P wave

atria depolarize, contract

QRS wave

ventricles depolarize, contract

T wave 

ventricles repolarize

Afib

atria do not contract in regular pattern

Heart sound

lub dub

lub

slamming shut of AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

dub

closing of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

Normal blood pressure

120/80

Arteries

carry blood away from heart

Veins

carry blood toward heart

Capillaries

connect arteries and veins

Layers of arteries and veins

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

tunica externa

outer layer of connective tissue

tunica media

mid layer of smooth muscle, thicker in arteries

tunica intima

inner layer of squamous epithelial tissue and elastic fibers

Check valves

promote unidirectional flow in veins

Capillaries are site of

material exchange

Precapillary sphincters

blood flow controllers

Shunt

thoroughfare channel

Anastomosis

alternate route that bypasses capillary beds

Blood pressure highest

major arteries

Blood pressure lowest

major veins

Coronary arteries

first off aorta

Descending aorta

delivers inferior parts of body

Subclavian becomes

axillary, brachial

Brachial branches into

radial, ulnar

subclavian

to arm

common carotid

to head/brain

Descending aorta becomes

thoracic aorta

Abdominal aorta

below diaphragm

Renal

kidney

Adrenal

adrenal gland

Gonadal

groin region

common iliac to internal and external iliac

lower limb

external iliac branches off to

femoral

femoral braches to

popliteal

Popliteal passes posterior to

knee

Jugular veins

return blood from brain/head

Superior vena cava

all superior veins empty into

Inferior vena cava

all inferior veins empty into

Capillary function

site of exchange of all nutrients and gases

Arterial end

plasma/O2/nutrients flow out of capillary due to higher blood pressure

Venous end

lymph/CO2/waste flow in due to higher concentration in surrounding tissues than in capillary

Edema

excessive buildup of fluid in tissues

Varicose veins

failure of check valves to hold up under gravitational pull

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Atherosclerosis

buildup of fatty, esp cholesterol plaques inside arteries

Angina pectoris

indicator of atherosclerosis

Bypass surgery

treatment for severe atherosclerosis

Thrombosis

formation of blood clots

Stroke

occurs when blood vessel supplying brain becomes blocked, usually from blood clot

Myocardial infarction

heart attack, coronary artery becomes blocked