U2: Cells - The Building Blocks of Life Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology AB Unit 2: CBL Flashcards

Cells

smallest units of life.

Cell Membrane

the outer protective covering of the cell.

Centrosome

the centriole containing region of clear cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus.

Chomatin

a complex of a nucleic acid with basic proteins (as histone) in eukaryotic cells that is usually dispersed in the interphase nucleus and condensed into chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.

Cytoplasm

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Cytokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell into two.

Endoplasmic reticulum

network of interconnected structures that function especially in the transport of materials within the cell.

Genes

the structures that carry inherited characteristics.

Genome

a total set of chromosomes with the genes they contain, consisting of strings of DNA Nucleotides.

Golgi Apparatus

a cytoplasmic organelle that consists of a stack of smooth membranous saccules and associated vesicles and that is active in the modification and transport of proteins.

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose inside of the cell.

Lysosomes

a saclike cellular organelle that contains various hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes.

Meiosis

form of cellular reproduction specific to sex cells in all sexually reproducing single celled and multicelled eukaryotes.

Mitochondria

found outside the nucleus. Responsible for producing energy for the cell through the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Mitosis

form of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus of a dividing cell resulting in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

Nucleolus

located inside the nucleus. Responsible for the production of ribosomes.

Nucleus

a mass located in the cytoplasm of a cell, separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, Considered the control center of the cell.

Organ

a differentiated structure (as a heart or kidney) consisting of cells and tissues and performing some specific function in an organism.

Organelles

a specialized cellular part (as a mitochondrion or ribosome) that is analogous to an organ.

Pinocytic Vesicles

pocketlike folds located in the cell membrane allowing the entrance and storage of large molecules such as proteins and fats.

Tissues

an aggregate of cells usually of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of a plant or an animal and that in animals include connective tissue, epithelium, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue.

Protoplasm

the basic substance of all life; this substance forms the cell.

Stem cells

an unspecialized cell that gives rise to differentiated cells.

System

a group of body organs or structures that together perform one or more vital functions.

Vacuoles

pouchlike storage structures located throughout the cytoplasm.

Hypertrophy

cells enlarge caused by an increase of proteins in the cell membrane and cell structures, not an increase in the cell's fluid.

Hyperplasia

the number of cells increases; there is an increased rate of cell division.

Dysplasia

the size, shape, or organization of mature cells becomes abnormal; also called atypical hyperplasia.

Neoplasia

the formation of tumors, either cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign).

Cell Cycle

the series of events involving the growth, replication, and division of a eukaryotic cell.

Human Body Cell Count

Research published in The Annals of Human Biology (2013) estimates that the human specimen consists of 37.2 trillion cells.

Cell Theory

Cells in the human body are described as eukaryotic cells, indicating that the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.

Cell Membrane Function

The cell membrane functions as a selective filter allowing certain materials to either enter the cell or exit the cell.

Metabolic Processes

The many chemical reactions occurring inside the cell membrane are described as metabolic processes.

Catabolism and Anabolism

The cycle of catabolism and anabolism requires an efficient control system for proper function.

Cellular Damage Risk

If the catabolism process fails to yield the proper energy-releasing reactions and does not meet the needs (or exceeds the needs) of the building-up reactions, the risk of cellular damage exists.

Cell Differentiation

Cell differentiation allows for specialized metabolic processes in different cells.

Basic Reactions in Cells

All cells perform the basic reactions including the buildup and breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Energy Production

Cellular function depends on energy production and transportation of substances within the individual cell and among cells in general.

Food as Energy Source

Food functions as the primary source of energy to the body.

Calories Conversion

Calories must be converted to ATP to power cellular processes.

Cellular Respiration

This is accomplished through cellular respiration.

ATP to ADP Conversion

ATP to ADP conversion occurs when the terminal high-energy phosphate bond ruptures.

Release of Energy

The third phosphate is liberated energy stored in the chemical bond is therefore released.

Recycling of ATP

Mitochondrial enzymes then reconvert ADP and the liberated phosphate to ATP.

Mitochondria Function

To obtain the energy needed for the reattachment, mitochondria oxidize food nutrients.

Diffusion

The tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, resulting in an equal distribution of solutes.

Osmosis

The passive movement of fluid from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane, stopping when fluid levels equalize solute concentrations on both sides.

Active Transport

Movement of atoms, molecules, and ions across a selectively permeable membrane from lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Sodium Potassium Pump

A mechanism that maintains homeostasis by regulating acid-base balance and healthy kidney function.

Epithelial Tissues

Tissues that form sheets and cover the outer surface of the body, lining body cavities, and forming certain glands.

Cellular Injury and Death

Conditions affecting the structure of the cell and its parts, which are required for homeostatic balance and the life of the cell.

Cellular Adaptations

Responses of cells to stressors, which can be reversible or irreversible.

Disease Modelling with Cells

A method to understand the conditions affecting cells through video resources.

Defects in Cellular Production

Issues arising from uncontrolled cellular division, which is vital for maintaining homeostasis.

Cell Division

The process that is vital for tissue growth and is affected by the frequency of mitosis.

Tumor Growth

An abnormal increase in tissue caused by too frequent mitosis.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

Aging

The process that affects cells, tissues, organs, and body systems, leading to decreased function and increased waste accumulation.

Cell Atrophy

The loss of tissue mass due to aging, characterized by stiffness and rigidity.

Aging Process with Cells

Research focused on combating the aging process within cells, often explored through video resources.