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Abby Hoffman
9-year-old girl played hockey as a boy in 1956.
Ontario Supreme Court
Court ruling against Abby Hoffman's right to play.
First-wave feminism
Early feminist movement focused on women's rights.
WAAF
Women's Army Auxiliary Force, disbanded in 1953.
Golden age of women's PA
1940s-1960s peak of women's physical activity.
Moral physiology
Cultural beliefs about women's physical abilities.
Women's liberation movement
1960s movement advocating for women's rights.
Battle of the Sexes
1973 tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs.
Royal Commission on Status of Women
1970 Canadian report on women's rights.
National Conference on Women in Sport
1974 event promoting women's sports.
Human rights agitation
Feminist strategy for equal rights in sports.
Title IX
US law prohibiting gender discrimination in education.
Ann Peel case
1991 victory for pregnant athletes' rights.
City of Coquitlam case
1995 mandated equal sports funding for genders.
Justine Blainey case
1986 successful challenge for girls in hockey.
Charter of Rights and Liberties
Canadian law supporting women's sports rights.
CIAU
Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union, now U-sports.
Kinesiology
Study of human movement and physical activity.
Fitness and Amateur Sport Act
1961 Canadian legislation promoting sports.
Baby boom
Population increase from 1940 to 1965 in Canada.
Cold War impact
Increased focus on science and performance in sports.
PE programs
Physical education training for school systems.
Teacher training shift
Transition from PE to kinesiology in education.
Compulsory curriculum
Mandatory physical education in Ontario schools.
Child-centred pedagogy
Teaching approach focusing on students' needs.
After-school sports growth
Increase in extracurricular sports activities.
Social costs of inactivity
Concerns over childhood inactivity's impact on health.
Public/media focus
Emphasis on high-performance sports over grassroots participation.