Gross Anatomy of Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum - Pleura, Lungs, Tracheobronchial Tree and the Diaphragm

Flashcards covering the pleura, lungs, tracheobronchial tree, and diaphragm, including anatomy, function, and clinical correlations.

Pleura

Serous membrane that lines the lungs and thoracic cavity, permitting effective respiration.

Visceral Pleura

Covers the lungs, provides a smooth slippery surface.

Parietal Pleura

Covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity.

Pleural Cavity

Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

Lines of Pleural Reflexion

Outlines the extent of the pulmonary cavities.

Costodiaphragmatic Recess

Located between the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae.

Costomediastinal Recess

Located between the costal and mediastinal pleurae behind the sternum.

Nerve supply of Costovertebral pleura

Intercostal nerves.

Nerve supply of Diaphragmatic pleura

Phrenic nerve over the domes, and by intercostal nerves around its periphery

Nerve supply of Mediastinal pleura

Phrenic nerve

Nerve supply of Visceral pleura

Autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus.

Pneumothorax

Air or gas present within the pleural cavity.

Hydrothorax

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.

Hemothorax

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.

Empyema

Collection of pus in the pleural space.

Pleuritis (Pleurisy)

Inflammation of the pleura.

Fibrothorax

Encasement of the lung in fibrin.

Thoracentesis

Use to obtain sample of fluid or to remove pus, blood.

Mediastinal Surface

Overlies the heart and mediastinal structures; contains the hilum.

Anterior Border

Thin and sharp; overlaps the pericardium.

Inferior Border

Sharp and thin anteriorly, rounded medially.

Posterior Border

Smooth and round; in contact with thoracic vertebrae.

Oblique Fissure

Cuts across the costal, diaphragmatic and medial surfaces.

Transverse Fissure or Horizontal Fissure

It is passes transversely along the level of the 4th rib.

Superior Lobe of Right Lung

Located above the horizontal fissure and anterosuperior to the oblique fissure.

Middle Lobe

Smallest of the three right lung lobes; related to the horizontal fissure superiorly and anterior to the oblique fissure.

Inferior Lobe

Situated behind the oblique fissure.

Lung Hilum

Site where structures enter and exit the lung.

Root of the Lung

Principal bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein, nerves, lymphatics.

On the Right, Principal Bronchus lies between

Pulmonary artery and vein.

On the Left, the pulmonary artery lies between

Principal bronchus and the pulmonary vein.

Trachea

Extends from cricoid cartilage (C6) to bronchial bifurcation (T4-T5).

Bronchial Tree

Series of passages supplying air to alveoli.

Right Main Bronchus

More vertical and shorter; direct continuation of the trachea.

Left Main Bronchus

More horizontally placed and longer.

Bronchopulmonary Segment

Anatomic, structural, and functional unit of lung parenchyma.

Segmental Artery

Branch of pulmonary artery.

Intersegmental Vein

Lie in the septum.

Pulmonary Arteries

From pulmonary trunk; carries deoxygenated blood.

Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

Bronchial Arteries

From the descending aorta; supply bronchi, lung roots, and visceral pleura.

The right Bronchial Vein drains

INTO the azygos vein

The left Bronchial Vein drains

INTO the accessory hemiazygos vein

Nerve Supply

From pulmonary plexuses; sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent.

Applied Anatomy of Lungs

TB, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, bronchiolitis, Pleurisy, COPD, Asthma, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, Lung Cancer, Pertussis, Pulmonary Embolism.

Diaphragm

Double-domed, musculotendinous partition separating thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Function of Diaphragm

Chief muscle of respiration; contraction facilitates expansion of the thoracic cavity.

Origin and Insertion of the Diaphragm

Anteriorly to the xiphoid process and costal margin; laterally to the 11th and 12th ribs; posteriorly to the lumbar vertebrae.

Parts of the Diaphragm

Sternal, costal, and lumbar.

Right Crus

From L1-L3 and their intervertebral discs.

Left Crus

From L1-2 or intervertebral disc.

Vena Cava Opening

At T8; transmits the terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve and inferior vena cava.

Oesophageal Opening

At T10; transmits anterior and posterior vagal trunks, oesophageal branches of left gastric vessels, esophagus.

Aortic Hiatus

At T12; transmits descending aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct.

Function when working with abdominal muscles

Expelling vomit, defecation, micturition, and parturition.

Motor Innervation

Phrenic nerves (C3-C5).

Arterial Supply of Superior Surface

Superior phrenic, musculophrenic, and pericardiophrenic arteries.

Arterial Supply of Inferior Surface

Inferior phrenic arteries.

Applied Anatomy of the Diaphragm

Hiccups, Hernias and Paralysis.