Human Body Systems Final Exam

Superior

Above

Ex. The elbow is -------- to the hand.

Inferior

Below

Ex. The foot is inferior to the knee

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front (chest side) of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards the back

Proximal

Closest to the point of origin or trunk of the body. Often used when describing arms and legs.

Distal

Farthest from the point of origin or trunk of the body. Often used when describing arms and legs.

Superficial

Toward the body surface

Deep

Farthest from the body surface

Abdominal

Abdomen

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Buccal

Cheek

Calcaneal

Heel

Carpal

Wrist

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck

Coxal

Hip

Digital

Fingers

Femoral

Thigh

Gluteal

Buttocks

Inguinal

Groin

Lumbar

Lower Spine

Nasal

Nose

Occipital

Back of Head

Olecranal

Behind the elbow joint

Oral

Mouth

Orbital

Eye

Patellar

Knee

Pelvic

Pelvis

Popliteal

Back of knee

Sacral

Area of spine containing sacrum and coccyx

Scapular

Shoulders

Sternal

Breast Bone

Tarsal

Ankle

Thoracic

Chest/Upper back

Umbilical

Belly Button

Vertebral

Back

Palmar

Palm

Epithelial Tissues

Widespread throughout the body

Form covering of all body surfaces

Line body cavities and hollow organs

Major tissue in glands

Perform variety of function that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception

Connective Tissue

Bind structures together

Form a framework

Support for organs and body as a whole

Store fat, transport substances

Protect against disease

Help repair tissue damage

Muscle Tissue

Composed of cells that have special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts

Highly cellular and well supplied with blood vessels

Long and slender, called muscle fibers

Arranged in bundles that are surrounded by connective tissue

Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in muscle tissue

Nervous Tissue

Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

Stimulates muscle contraction, creates awareness of the enviroment, plays major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning

Cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses

Bone Features for Identity

Forensic anthropologist trained to analyze secrets locked in bone's shape and structure and can use info to help solve crimes, trace human origins, or idenrify those gone missing

They use a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures to predict traits from bone

Features help identify a deceased from his/her skeletal remains bearing characteristics of ancestry, sex, stature, age and trauma

Bones that identify for sex

Pelvis, skull, femur, tibia, humerus identity what

Bones that identify for race

Skull identifies what

Bones that identify for height

Femur, tibia, humerus identify what

Bones that identify for age

Pelvis, femur, tibia, humerus identify what

DNA

Double Helix

Carries genetic information

Sugar/phosphate backbone

Sugar- deoxyribose

Bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Base pairing- A to T, C to G

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Denaturation- 94°C (201.2°F), double stranded DNA melts and opens into two pieces of single stranded DNA

Annealing- 54°C (129.2°F), primers pair up (anneal) with single stranded "template" (the sequence of DNA to be copied)

Small length of double stranded DNA. Polymerase attaches and starts copying the template

Extension- 72°C (161.1°F). Polymerase works best, DNA building blocks complementary to template are coupled to primer, making double stranded DNA molecule

Restriction Enzyme

an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences

Such enzymes, found in bacteria are thought to have evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses.

Your specific code determines the number of times this set of scissors will snip and the number and size of DNA pieces that will be left behind.

These pieces can then be separated and compared using the process of gel electrophoresis.

As these fragments move, their varying lengths propel them through the gel at different speeds.

Scientists can use these RFLPs, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms, a set of DNA puzzle pieces unique to only you, to create a pattern called a DNA fingerprint.

Gel Electrophoresis

Restriction enzymes cleave DNA into smaller segments of various sizes

DNA segments are loaded into wells in porous gel. Gel floats in buffer solution within chamber between two electrodes

When electric current is passed through chamber, DNA fragments move toward positively-charged cathode.

Smaller DNA segments move faster and farther than larger DNA segments

Central Nervous System

composed of the brain and spinal cord. Your brain and spinal cord serve as the main "processing center" for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of your body.

Peripheral Nervous System

The portion of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord. Connects and sends messages to CNS.

Occipital Lobe

Part of brain that Processes vision

Temporal Lobe

Part of brain that Processes language

Parietal Lobe

Part of brain that Processes touch (hands, fingers, face, and lips)

Frontal Lobe

Part of brain at is Specialized in planning and voluntary movement, paying attention, interpreting our emotions and social situations

Cerebral Cortex

This part of the brain Houses the four lobes of the brain; two hemispheres; most complex thinking: remembering an interpreting emotions

Limbic System

This part of the braim Satisfies biological needs, reproduction, and emotion, memory.

Hypothalamus

The part of the brain that controls Hunger, thirst, sex drive

Pituitary Gland

Cycles of consciousness thalamus processes all sensory information to cerebral cortex

Hippocampus

The brain part that controls Formation and storage of new memories

Amygdala

The part of the brain that Processes associations between unpleasant emotions and memory for those emotions.

Basal Gangila

Group of neurons working together to help plan and produce movement (Parkinson's)

Medulla

The part of the brain that Controls basic autonomic functions like circulation, breathing, digestion

Pons

Relay station from hindbrain to cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that controls Coordination of motor function

Brainstem

Lowest part of brain; basics of life support, and neurons that control sensory/motor skills

Sensory Neurons

a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord

Association Neuron

neurons found in the brain and spinal cord that conduct impulses between neurons

Motor Neuron

a neuron that conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a muscle, gland, or other effector tissue

Action Potential

Resting Potential- outside concentration of Na+ is higher than inside K+ (vice versa).

Depolarization- Potassium channel closed Na rushes in and causes the cell interior to become more positive. Depolarizes that region of the membrane.

Repolarization-when Sodium channel closed, K+ channel opemed. K+ flows our of cell and restores positive charge outside the cell.

Return to Resting Potential- cell is maintaining the resting potential. Membrane protein responsible for restoring the original concentration for Na and K.

Hormones

Any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells.

Hormones are secreted by tissues in the body referred to as glands.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream while exocrine glands secrete hormones into ducts, or passageways, before they reach their target.

The endocrine system, works with the nervous system to regulate and control all the actions of the human machine.

Endocrine System

The glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions, help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity, and include especially the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, islets of Langerhans, and testes.

Endocrine Gland

A gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine secretion -- called also ductless gland, gland of internal secretion

Exocrine Gland

A gland (as a sweat gland, a salivary gland, or a kidney) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct.

Glucagon

A protein hormone that is produced especially by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and that promotes an increase in the sugar content of the blood by increasing the rate of breakdown of glycogen in the liver

Insulin

A vertebrate hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver.

Hypothalamus

The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary.

Pituitary Gland

An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe, which stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe, which produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions.

Negative Feedback Loop

The body senses an internal change and activates mechanisms that reverse, or negate, that change.

body temperature regulation

Positive Feedback Loop

a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that accelerate or increase that change

blood clotting

Accommodation

The automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing at different distances affected chiefly by changes in the convexity of the crystalline lens

Astigmatism

A defect of an optical system (as a lens) causing rays from a point to fail to meet in a focal point resulting in a blurred and imperfect image

Blind Spot

The small circular area in the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye that is devoid of rods and cones and is insensitive to light.

Cone

Any of the conical photosensitive receptor cells of the vertebrate retina that function in color vision

Cornea

The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball that covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior

Depth Perception

The ability to judge the distance of objects and the spatial relationship of objects at different distances

Hyperopia

A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the retina of the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects (called farsightedness)

Iris

The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm that is suspended in the aqueous humor in front of the lens of the eye, is perforated by the pupil and is continuous peripherally with the ciliary body, has a deeply pigmented posterior surface which excludes the entrance of light except through the pupil and a colored anterior surface which determines the color of the eyes.

Lens

A curved piece of glass or plastic used singly or combined in eyeglasses or an optical instument (as a microscope) for forming an image by focusing rays of light

Myopia

A condition in which the visual images come to a focus in front of the retina of the eye because of defects in the refractive media of the eye or of abnormal length of the eyeball resulting especially in defective vision of distant objects -- called also nearsightedness.

Optic Nerve

Either of the pair of sensory nerves that comprise the second pair of cranial nerves, arise from the ventral part of the diencephalon, form an optic chiasma before passing to the eye and spreading over the anterior surface of the retina, and conduct visual stimuli to the brain.

Pupil

The opening in the iris, which admits light into the interior of the vertebrate eye; muscles in the iris regulate its size

Refraction

The deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or a wave of energy in passing obliquely from one medium (as air) into another (as water or glass) in which its velocity is different.

Retina

The sensory membrane that lines most of the large posterior chamber of the vertebrate eye, is composed of several layers including one containing the rods and cones, and functions as the immediate instrument of vision by receiving the image formed by the lens and converting it into chemical and nervous signals which reach the brain by way of the optic nerve

Rod

Any of the long rod-shaled photosensitive receptors in the retina responsive to faint light

Focusing light- the eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea.

The iris works like a shutter in a camera.

After passing through the iris, the light rays pass thru the eye's natural crystalline lens.

Light rays pass through a dense, transparent gel-like substance, called the vitreous that fills the globe of the eyeball and helps the eye hold its spherical shape.

In a normal eye, the light rays come to a sharp focusing point on the retina.

The retina's functions much like the film in a camera. It is responsible for capturing all of the light rays, processing them into light impulses through millions of tiny nerve endings, then sending these light impulses through over a million nerve fibers to the optic nerve

Digestion

Allows your body to get the nutrients and energy it needs from food you eat