Foundations of technology final exam

What is the order of systems in order to get outputs

Desired goal, input, process, output

What are the different types of results

Desirable and undesirable, intended and unintended, immediate and delayed

A direct relationship exists between the ____ and the _____

Need, output

How many ways can outputs be categorized

Three

Desired outputs

Outputs that benefit people

Undesired outputs

The outputs that are not wanted

Intended outputs

Products or services designed with a specific goal in mind

Unintended outputs

Outputs that were not considered when the system was designed

Immediate outputs

Products or services that have been designed for immediate use

Delayed outputs

Various chemicals that have accumulated over decades and are harmful to the environment

Control systems are created so that

Humans can reach their desired goal

Feedback can be defined as

Using information from the output of the system to control or regulate the system

How many different angles of internal control are there

Three

Open-loop control system

Output information is not used to adjust the process

Closed-loop control system

Uses feedback to adjust the processing

Monitoring devices

Gather information about the action being controlled

Process-operating information can be gathered ____

Using several types of monitoring devices

Electrical or electronic sensors

Can be used to determine the frequency of or changes in electrical current or electromagnetic waves

Thermal sensors

Can be used to determine changes in temperature

Mechanical sensors

Can be used to determine the position of components, force applied, or movement of parts

Optical sensors

Can be used to determine the level of light or changes in the intensity of light

Magnetic (electromagnetic) sensors

Can be used to determine whether changes are occurring in the amount of current flowing in a circuit

Comparisons can be ____ or ____

Analytical or judgemental

Analytical systems

Systems that mathematically or scientifically make comparisons

The analytical type of comparison is commonly used in _____

Closed-loop control systems

Analytical systems try to remove ____ from the evaluation process

Human opinions

Judgmental systems

Systems that use human opinions and values to enter into the control process

Open-loop control systems require

Human judgement

Adjusting devices

Devices that modify a system to produce better outputs

Mechanical controllers

Use cams, levers, and other types of linkages to adjust machines or other devices

Electromechanical controllers

Use electromagnetic coils and forces to move control linkages and operate switches

Electrical and electronic controllers

Devices that control other devices to adjust the operation of machines

Fluidic controllers

Adjusting devices that use fluids to adjust machines or other devices

Manual control system

Systems that require humans to adjust the process

Automatic control systems

Systems that can monitor, compare, and adjust a system without human interference

External controls

Control from outside the system

These problems and opportunities are divided into two major areas

System design problems and opportunities
Product design problems and opportunities

System design deals with with

The arrangement of components to produce a desired result

Product design deals with two areas

Manufactured products and constructed structures

What is the goal of each

To ensure the product or structure

Products and structures must be designed so they can be produced ______ and ______

Economically and efficiently

Product and structure must be designed for

Function, production, marketing

Preliminary solutions

Rough sketches, brainstorming, classification, what if scenarios, divergent broad thinking

Isolating and refining the best solution

Refined sketches, convergent, narrow focused thinking

Detailing the best solution

Sketches that communicate the information

Pictorial sketches

Of or relating to the art of painting

Oblique

Front view, easiest pictorial sketch, 45 degree lines

2 types of oblique drawings

Cavalier oblique, cabinet oblique

Cavalier oblique

Causes the sides and top to look deeper than they are

Cabinet oblique

Type of drawing that shortens the lines to 1/2 their original lengths

Isometric

Corner view, 120 degree lines

Perspective

Sketches that show an object as the human eye or a camera would see it

One point perspective

Shows an object as if you were directly in front of it

Two point perspective

How an object would appear of you stood at one corner

Three point perspective

Shows how the eye sees the length, width and height

The appearance of a perspective drawing changes as the ______ changes

Horizon

A model or simulation allows us to

Reduce complex mechanisms into an easily understood form

Modeling/simulation is the process of

Imitating expected conditions to test design ideas

Each model is designed to

Help people Understand what an artifact looks like and how it functions

All models can be grouped into three areas

Graphic models, mathematical models, physical models

Graphic models

Models used to explore ideas for components and systems

Graphs

Allows designers to organize and plot data

Charts

Models that show the relationship between people, actions, or operations

Diagrams

Show the relationship between the components in a system

Mathematical models

Show relationships in terms of formulas

Physical models

Three dimensional representations of reality

2 types of physical models exist

Mock-up, prototype

Mock-up

An appearance model designed to show how a product or structure will look

Prototype

A working model of a system, assembly, or product

A scale model is proportional to

Actual size

There are three types of three dimensional models

Wire frame, surface, solid