HUBS191 Bone Tissue and Homeostasis

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the HUBS191 lecture on bone tissue and its structure, function, and related pathology.

Bone Tissue

A living tissue composed of cells and a calcified extracellular matrix.

Microscopic Structure

The detailed composition and organization of bone at the cellular level.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body, including bone mass.

Osteoporosis

A bone pathology characterized by reduced bone density and increased risk of fractures.

Osteogenic Cells

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Bone-making cells that produce new bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down and remove bone matrix.

Extracellular Matrix

The non-cellular component of bone that provides structural support.

Collagen

A protein that provides tensile strength to bone tissue.

Hydroxyapatite

An inorganic component of bone that contributes to its hardness.

Trabecular Bone

A type of bone tissue characterized by a network of struts (trabeculae).

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones.

Osteon

The basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae.

Central Canal

The channel in the osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Lamellae

Concentric rings of bone matrix that form the structure of osteons.

Lacunae

Small spaces within bone that house osteocytes.

Canaliculi

Microscopic channels in bone that allow communication and nutrient transfer between osteocytes.

Trabecular Structure

The arrangement of trabeculae within cancellous bone, which distributes loads.

Bone Remodeling

The process by which bone is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Calcium Homeostasis

The regulation of calcium levels in the body, necessary for various physiological functions.

Bone Mass

The quantity of bone tissue in the skeleton, which remains relatively constant under normal conditions.

Peak Bone Mass

The maximum amount of bone density and strength achieved, typically in a person's 20s.

Bone Pathology

Diseases or conditions that affect the structure and function of bone, such as osteoporosis.

Compression Fracture

A fracture that occurs when bone is compressed, often seen in osteoporotic bones.

Osteoclast Activity

The process of bone resorption carried out by osteoclasts.

Osteoblast Activity

The process of new bone formation carried out by osteoblasts.

Cancellous vs Compact Bone

Cancellous bone is spongier and has a trabecular structure, while compact bone is denser and forms the outer layer.

Bone Response to Stress

Bone adapts to physical stress by remodeling its structure and density.

Calcium and Phosphate Regulation

The body's mechanisms to maintain appropriate levels of calcium and phosphate, critical for bone health.

Foramina

Holes in bone that allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Organic Matrix Percentage

33% of bone extracellular matrix is organic, including collagen and ground substance.

Inorganic Matrix Percentage

67% of bone extracellular matrix is inorganic, primarily hydroxyapatite.

Bone Repair Mechanism

The natural ability of bone cells to respond to trauma and unite broken parts.

Bone Density Loss Factors

Factors such as aging, hormonal changes, and lifestyle that contribute to osteoporosis.

Exercise and Bone Health

Physical activity plays a key role in maintaining bone density and overall skeletal health.

Clinical Significance of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis can lead to significant health issues, including fractures and decreased mobility.

Roles of Osteocytes

Osteocytes recycle proteins and minerals from the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells.

Fibula

A bone that becomes brittle when collagen is removed from its structure.

Weight Transmission in Bones

How trabecular bone channels weight and force through the skeletal system.

Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis

Two different conditions that affect bone and joint health.

Nutritional Factors

Dietary elements, such as calcium and vitamin D, that influence bone health.

Effects of Menopause on Bone

Post-menopausal women experience increased risk of osteoporosis due to estrogen loss.

Bone Homeostasis Requirements

The need for adequate calcium, exercise, and balanced activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Structural Changes with Aging

Bone structure changes with age, affecting strength and susceptibility to fractures.

Bone Matrix Composition

Bone matrix consists of organic components (collagen) and inorganic mineral salts (hydroxyapatite).

Bone Cell Types

The four major types of bone cells: osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Bone Anatomy Resources

Educational materials used for learning about bone structure and function.

Anatomy of Osteons

Osteons are organized structures that facilitate nutrient flow to bone cells.

Significance of Lamellae Structure

The arrangement of lamellae helps resist torsional and compressive forces on bones.

Function of Ground Substance

Ground substance in bone ECM contains proteoglycans that help resist compression.

Osteoporosis and Physical Health

Osteoporosis can significantly impact mobility and overall quality of life.

Assessment of Bone Health

Methods used to evaluate bone density and risk of osteoporosis.

Hydroxyapatite Function

Provides hardness and rigidity to bone tissue.

Histology of Bone Tissue

The study of the microscopic structure of bone through histological techniques.

Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis

How disruption in bone remodeling leads to inadequate bone mass.

Importance of Peak Bone Mass

Achieving peak bone mass is crucial for reducing the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Trabecular Bone Adaptations

The ability of trabecular bone to withstand multidirectional forces due to its structure.

Homeostatic Imbalance Effects

Imbalances in osteoblast and osteoclast activity can impact bone strength and integrity.

Remodeling Process

A continuous process where old bone is replaced with new bone to maintain strength.

Nutritional Recommendations for Bone Health

The importance of adequate nutrients for maintaining bone density.

Bone Matrix Functionality

The composition of the bone matrix enables it to withstand different forces.

Governance of Bone Health Programs

Future initiatives aimed at improving bone health awareness and management.

Bone Repair Dynamics

The processes involved in healing fractures and restoring bone integrity.

Endocrine Influence on Bone

Hormones play a critical role in regulating bone growth and maintenance.

Bone Stress Responses

How bones adapt structurally in response to varying physical demands.

Relevance of Cancellous Bone

Cancellous bone plays a vital role in shock absorption and weight distribution.

Educational Importance of Bone Anatomy

Understanding bone anatomy is fundamental in medical and health-related fields.

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Common indicators may include bone fracture, loss of height, and back pain.

Bone Assessment Technologies

Techniques such as DEXA scans to measure bone density.