Biotic Factors
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60 Terms
Pollinators
It is the biotic
agent (vector) that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain
Flower
Its job is to attract pollinators and, in this
way, to ensure the reproduction of the flowering plants
Flower
Their beautiful colors, interesting shapes and delicious scents have one purpose only: to attract pollinators.
Decomposers
Bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes are the three main types of decomposers in the environment.
Decomposers
They break down dead organisms into nutrients, and these nutrients
are then returned to the soil
Decomposers
These are vital components of the nutrient cycle
Predators
These insects that catch and eat other insects and bugs
Parasitoids
Insects that lay eggs in, on or around other insects so that the larva that hatches will have the host to feed on
Braconid Wasp
They preys on caterpillars, flies,
woodboring beetles, weevils, leafminers, true bugs and ants
Scoliid Wasps
They prey mainly green June and Japanese beetle grub
Tachinid flies
They lay eggs near or on the bodies of caterpillars
Allelopathy
It refers to the chemical inhibition of one species by another.
Allelon
"of each other"
Pathos
means "to suffer"
Allelopathy
The "inhibitory" chemical is released into the environment where it affects the development and growth of neighboring plants
Allelopathy
It have direct or indirect detrimental effect
of one plant on the germination, growth or
development of other plants through the production
of chemicals that escape into the environment
Drought
Insufficiency of rainfall /moisture
Absolute drought
29 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25 mm
Partial drought
15 consecutive days without rainfall of at least 0.25mm
Soil Salinity
There is a potential problem in irrigated soils due to high evaporation rates and low annual rainfall leaving salts to
accumulate
Salts
It can come from irrigation water, fertilizers, composts, and
manure
Slowly
Salts can be leached by ______ applying excess water
Lahar
Mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water that flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley '_____' originated in the Javanese language of Indonesia
El Nino
The warming of water in
the Pacific Ocean
La Nina
The cooling of water in
the Pacific Ocean
El Nino
It was first discovered hundreds of years ago by fishermen off
the coast of Peru.
El Nino and La Nina
These are the most powerful phenomenon on the earth and alter the climate across more than half the planet.
El Niño weather
Rain and flooding along the Pacific coast
El Niño weather
Warm water disrupts food chain of fish, birds,
and sea mammals
El Niño weather
Tornadoes and thunderstorms in southern US
El Niño weather
Fewer than normal hurricanes in the Atlantic
La Niña weather
Snow and rain on the west coast
La Niña weather
Unusually cold weather in Alaska
La Niña weather
Unusually warm weather in the rest of the USA
La Niña weather
Drought in the southwest
La Niña weather
Higher than normal number of hurricanes in the Atlantic
El Nino and La Nina
Sustained sea surface
temperature anomalies of magnitude greater than 0.5°C across the central tropical Pacific Ocean
Genotype
The totality of the genetic make-up of an
organism; affected by environment to produce the phenotype
Variety
Group of plants within a particular cultivated
species
Cultivar
A distinct variant selected by someone who believed it was uniquely different from any plant already in cultivation
Clones
Cultivars that are propagated by vegetative means
Lines
Propagated by seeds
Biodiversity
Variability in all living things, life on earth
- Ex situ
- In situ
Methods of conservation
Ex situ
Conservation outside the natural habitat ex.
seed & field genebanks
In situ
Conservation in the natural habitat
Plant Breeding
Art and science of improving the genetic make-up of crops to increase crop productivity
90-95% selection and 5-10% hybridization
Plant Breeding percentage
Genetic variability
Success in plant breeding relies on what
- Mutation
- Migration
- Recombination
Sources of variation
- Selection
- Traditional plant breeding
- Genetic Engineering
Processes of Crop Improvement
Selection
Selecting the best looking plants/seeds and saving them
to plant for the next year's crop
Traditional plant breeding
Modifying the genetic composition of plants by making crosses and selecting new superior genotype combinations
Sexually mate
Breeding can only be done between two plants that is _________ ____ with each other
Undesirable effects
When plants are mated, (crossed), many traits are
transferred along with the trait of interest including traits with ____________ _______ on yield potential
Genetic Engineering
A new type of genetic modification, involving the purposeful
addition of a foreign gene or genes to the genome of an
organism.
Biotechnology
Use of living organisms or their parts to make or modify products, or improve plants, animals and microorganisms
Modern biotechnology
Allows direct introduction of genes from one species to another through DNA
manipulation
Genetic Engineering
It allows direct introduction of genes from one species to another through DNA
manipulation (recombinant DNA technology)
Genetic Engineering
It ...allows direct introduction of genes from
one species to another through DNA
manipulation (recombinant DNA technology)
Note 
Flashcards (44)