Y13 Organic Chem

amine <--> polyamides

condensation polymerisation, diamine + dicarboxylic acid or diacid chloride/hydrolysis H2O/OH

haloalkane --> amine

substitution conc. NH3(alc)

alkane --> haloalkane

substitution UV light Cl2 Br2

Alkene --> haloalkane

addition BR2 Cl2 HBr HCl

Haloalkane --> Alkene

elimination KOH(alc) NaOH(alc)

Alkene --> Diol

oxidation MnO4-

Alkene --> Alkane

addition H2 with Pt or Ni catalyst

Alkene --> alcohol

addition H2O/H+

alcohol --> alkene

elimination conc. H2SO4

haloalkane --> alcohol

substitution KOH(aq) NaOH(aq)

alcohol --> haloalkane

substitution PCl3 PCl5 SoCl2

2* alcohol --> ketone

oxidation Cr2O72-/H+

ketone --> 2* alcohol

reduction NaBH4

alcohol <--> polyesters

condensation polymerisation, diol + dicarboxylic acid or diacid chloride/hydrolysis

1* alcohol --> aldehyde (lowest bpt)

distillation/oxidation Cr2O72-/H+

Aldehyde --> 1* alcohol

reduction NaBH4

1* alcohol --> ester

elimination carboxylic acid conc. H2SO4

aldehyde --> carboxylic acid

oxidation/reflux/heat Cr2O72-/H+ or MnO4-/H+

carboxylic acid --> ester

esterification/condensation, alcohol, conc. H2SO4

acid chloride --> ester

substitution H2O

carboxylic acid <--> polyesters

condensation polymerisation/hydrolysis H2O/HCl dialcohol

carboxylic acid <--> polyamides

condensation polymerisation/hydrolysis H2O/HCl diamine

carboxylic acid --> acid chloride

substitution DRY PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2

acid chloride --> carboxylic acid

substitution H2O

acid chloride <--> polyamides

condensation polymerisation/hydrolysis diamine

acid chloride <--> polyesters

condensation polymerisation/hydrolysis dialcohol

acid chloride --> amide

substitution DRY COLD NH3(alc)

PP of hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkanes) are…

density less than water, insoluble in water, increase in mpt with increased length due to stronger temporary dipole-dipole

PP of small hydrocarbons…

volatile and gases (≤4 carbons)

PP of amines are…

weak base ( red litmus --> blue), increase in mpt with increased length - mpt and bpt are higher than corresponding alkanes due to the presence of the NH2 group, which can form hydrogen bonds between molecules.

PP of small chain amines are…

soluble in water

PP of haloalkanes are…

density greater than water, insoluble in water, neutral, mpt and bpt are higher than corresponding alkanes due to the presence of the polar halogen atom(s) which can form permanent dipole dipole between the molcules

PP of same chain haloalkanes are…

volatile

PP of alcohols are…

Neutral, increase in melting point with increased length - mpt and bpt are higher than corresponding alkanes due to the stronger hydrogen bonds between molecules.

PP of small alcohols are…

volatile and soluble in water (≤4 carbons - soluble in water due to the O-H bond)

PP of C Acids are…

Weak acid (blue litmus --> red), increase in mpt with increased length - mpt and bpt are higher than corresponding alkanes and alcohols due to the stronger hydrogen bonds between molecules.

PP of small C Acids are…

volatiles and soluble in water

PP of aldehydes and ketones are…

C double bond O can make hydrogen bonds with water, neutral, increase in mpt with increased length

PP of small aldehydes and ketones are…

soluble in water

PP of esters are…

sweet smelling, neutral, density less than water, most are insoluble in water, increase in mpt with increased length

PP of small chain esters are…

volatile

PP of amides are…

White crystalline solids, neutral, increase in mpt with increased length - mpt and bpt are higher than corresponding alkanes due to the presence of the amide group, which can form hydrogen bonds between molecules.

PP of small amides are…

soluble in water - solubility decreases as C chain increases.

PP of acyl chlorides are…

pungent fuming liquids, low mpt and bpt since there is no hydrogen bonding between molecules, insoluble in water

Distinguish between ketone & aldehyde

Tollen’s reagent, Benedict’s/Fehling’s reagent

Distinguish between different alcohol classifications

Lucas’s reagent - 3° will react instantly (become cloudy), 2° will react slowly (become cloudy), 1° will not react